Rhipicephalus Tick: A Contextual Review for Southeast Asia

Tan, Li; Hamdan, Ruhil Hayati; Hassan, Basripuzi Nurul Hayyan; Reduan, Mohd Farhan Hanif; Okene, Ibrahim Abdul-Azeez; Loong, Shih Keng; Khoo, Jing Jing; Syazwan, Samsuddin Ahmad; Lee, Seng Hua

doi:10.3390/pathogens10070821

Cited by 22 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…In this study, we reported Rhipicephalus turanicus in dogs. A previous study reported that the prevalence rate of Rhipicephalus sanguineus and Hyalomma anatolicum in Punjab was about 25% (42,45). Similar results for Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, and Haemaphysalis were reported by a study on livestock in Pakistan (15,(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of different tick species on livestock and associated equines and canine from different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan

et al. 2023

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Ticks are ectoparasites that act as vectors for transmission of various pathogens to wild and domesticated animals and pose a serious threat to human health. Because of the hot and humid conditions in different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan, ticks are abundant and parasitize a variety of animals. The aim of this study was to identify different tick species and distribution on different hosts especially livestock, such as sheep, goat, cattle, buffalo, and camel, and livestock associated canines and equines, such as horse, donkey, and dog, across different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. The ticks samples were collected and morphologically identified at genus and species level using morphological keys under stereomicroscope. A total of 2,846 animals were examined for the tick infestation, and 408 animals were tick-infested. Eleven tick species belonging to 4 genera were identified: Hyalomma anatolicum, Hyalomma scupense, Hyalomma dromedarii, Hyalomma isaaci, Rhipicephalus microplus, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, Rhipicephalus turanicus, Haemaphysalis cornupunctata, Haemaphysalis montgomeryi, Haemaphysalis bispinosa, and Ixodes kashmiricus. The overall tick prevalence was 14.3%; host-wise infestation rate was 12.2% in sheep; 12.6%, goat; 11.7%, buffalo; 11.7%, cattle; 19.6%, camel; 27.4%, donkey; 23.5%, horse; and 24.3%, dog. Tick infestation of different animals differed on the basis of the zones. Camels showed the highest tick infestation rate in zones 1 and 2 (21.4 and 26.7%, respectively), whereas donkeys showed the highest infestation rate in zones 3, 4, 6, and 7 (25, 39.3, 3.3, and 21.4%, respectively). The infestation rates of Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus were the highest in zone 2 (71.4 and 52.9%, respectively). The infestation rate of Hyalomma was the highest (47.4%) in sheep; Haemaphysalis (46.9%), goat; Rhipicephalus (69.7%), buffalo; Rhipicephalus (62.3%), cattle; Hyalomma (70%), camel; Ixodes (60.9%), donkey; Ixodes (75%), horse; and Rhipicephalus (61.1%), dog. This study showed the diversity and infestation rate of different ticks with respect to their hosts and agro-ecological zones of Pakistan. High tick burdens and infestation rates are responsible for the spread of different tick-borne infections, resulting in loss of animal productivity and posing a threat to animal and human health. Understanding different tick species and their distribution across different zones will be helpful for developing efficient control strategies against different tick born infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rhipicephalus are known as brown dog tick. The highest rate of Rhipicephalus is due to presence of dogs and cats near to buffaloes and cows (42). Haemaphysalis was more prevalent in goats (46.9%), followed by sheep (42.1%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of different tick species on livestock and associated equines and canine from different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan

et al. 2023

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“…The Rhipicephalus ticks hold economic importance, having a broad coverage of hosts including mammals, reptiles, and avian species [ 20 ]. The parasite adaptation in Rhipicephalus ticks has made them successful parasites of public health importance [ 1 ]. Rhipicephalus ticks are known for high genetic diversity, enabling them to thrive in different geographical regions of the world [ 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rhipicephalus ticks are economically important ticks of bovines, acting as vectors of protozoal (babesiosis and theileriosis), bacterial (anaplasmosis), viral (Thogoto), and rickettsial diseases [ 1 ]. Similarly, the diseases of ovine (Nairobi sheep disease, babesiosis, theileriosis, anaplasmosis, and rickettsiosis) present challenges for their effective prevention and control [ 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of Cypermethrin-Coated ZnS and ZnO Nanoparticles against Rhipicephalus Ticks

et al. 2023

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Rhipicephalus ticks are described as important ticks impacting the costs of livestock rearing and by-products sale. The prevalence and response of ticks towards cypermethrin sprays indicate the need to implement the rational use of acaricides. In our previous studies, ZnO nanoparticles were shown to inhibit the major life-cycle stages of Hyalomma ticks, indicative of promising application of nanomaterials against the hard ticks. The current study was designed to probe into one of alternative options to curtail Rhipicephalus ticks by employing cypermethrin-coated nanoparticles of ZnO (C-ZnO NPs) and ZnS (C-ZnS NPs). The nanocomposites showed a roughly spherical type of morphology and various size dimensions upon characterization using SEM and EDX. Female ovipositioning was declined up to only 48% in ZnS and up to 32% in ZnO NPs even after 28 days in vitro. Similarly, the larval hatching was also impacted, leading to a hatching percentage of 21% and 15% by application of C-ZnS NPs and C-ZnO NPs, respectively. The LC90 in female adult groups were 3.94 mg/L and 4.27 mg/L for the C-ZnO NPs and C-ZnS NPs groups, respectively. Similarly, the larval groups had LC90 of 8.63 and 8.95 mg/L for the C-ZnO NPs and C-ZnS NPs groups. The study is a proof of the concept for incorporating effective and safe nanocomposites as acaricides. The studies on the efficacy and spectrum of non-target effects of nanomaterial-based acaricides can further refine the research on finding novel alternatives for tick control.

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“…B. bovis , B. bigemina , and A. marginale have the same biological vector, the Rhipicephalus spp. tick, which is the predominant cattle tick in Thailand [ 35 ]. In this study, the coinfection combination of T. orientalis and A. marginale was the most frequently recorded.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick-borne Pathogen Detection and Its Association with Alterations in Packed Cell Volume of Dairy Cattle in Thailand

Adjou Moumouni,

Galon,

Tumwebaze

et al. 2023

Animals

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Tick-borne diseases (TBDs) massively impact bovine production. In endemic countries, animals are often subclinically infected, showing no signs of the illness. Anemia is a hallmark of TBDs, but there is inadequate information on its presence in infected Thai cattle. In the present study, 265 cattle from four provinces in Thailand were surveyed to identify tick-borne pathogens (TBPs) and to evaluate the changes in the packed cell volume (PCV) values associated with detection. Microscopy and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were also compared for TBP detection. Babesia/Theileria/Hepatozoon was detected in 33.58% (89/265) of the cattle samples. Specifically, Babesia bovis (9/265), B. bigemina (12/265), Theileria orientalis (62/265), and Anaplasma marginale (50/265) were identified using species-specific assays. Significant decreases in the mean PCV levels were observed in cattle that were positive for at least one TBP (p < 0.001), Babesia/Theileria/Hepatozoon (p < 0.001), T. orientalis (p < 0.001), and A. marginale (p = 0.049). The results of PCR and microscopy for the detection of TBPs suggested slight and fair agreement between the two detection tools. The present findings contribute to a better understanding of TBDs in the field and shall facilitate the formulation of effective control for TBDs in Thailand.

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Rhipicephalus Tick: A Contextual Review for Southeast Asia

Cited by 22 publications

References 133 publications

Prevalence of different tick species on livestock and associated equines and canine from different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan

Prevalence of different tick species on livestock and associated equines and canine from different agro-ecological zones of Pakistan

Application of Cypermethrin-Coated ZnS and ZnO Nanoparticles against Rhipicephalus Ticks

Tick-borne Pathogen Detection and Its Association with Alterations in Packed Cell Volume of Dairy Cattle in Thailand

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