Rhizospheric microorganisms: The gateway to a sustainable plant health

Abstract

Plant health is essential for food security, and constitutes a major predictor to safe and sustainable food systems. Over 40% of the global crops' productions are lost to pests, insects, diseases, and weeds, while the routinely used chemical-based pesticides to manage the menace also have detrimental effects on the microbial communities and ecosystem functioning. The rhizosphere serves as the microbial seed bank where microorganisms transform organic and inorganic substances in the rhizosphere into accessible plant nutrients as plants harbor diverse microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses, and protists among others. Although, the pathogenic microbes initiate diseases by infiltrating the protective microbial barrier and plants' natural defense systems in the rhizosphere. Whereas, the process is often circumvented by the beneficial microorganisms which antagonize the pathogens to instill disease resistance. The management of plant health through approaches focused on disease prevention is instrumental to attaining sustainable food security, and safety. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the evolving and succession of root microbiomes in response to crop development as discussed in this review opens up new-fangled possibilities for reaping the profit of beneficial root–microbiomes' interactions toward attaining sustainable plant health.

Variations in the Functional Diversity of Rhizosphere Microbiome of Healthy and Northern Corn Leaf Blight Infected Maize (Zea mays L.)

“…Meanwhile, mineral nutrition has a significant impact on the growth of plants and crop yields, which makes it an important contributor to sustainable agriculture (White and Brown, 2010;Fageria and Moreira, 2011). Furthermore, the microbial abundance in the healthy rhizosphere (LI and MA) is further evidence of the plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) activities of the associated microbes (Akanmu et al, 2021;Dlamini et al, 2022). Furthermore, the abundance of the unknown function observed from all sites at subsystem level 2, combined with clustering-based subsystems, indicate that there are several important functions connected with this rhizosphere microbiome that have yet to be discovered.…”

A Review on Rhizosphere Microbiota of Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis L): Recent Insights and Future Perspectives

“…Finally, climate change has significant impacts on soil rhizosphere microorganisms. Climate change can alter the physical and chemical properties of soil, affecting the growth environment and state of microorganisms, which in turn affect the rhizosphere microorganisms. , High temperature and drought have the most significant effects on rhizosphere microorganisms. − Drought and high temperature inhibit the growth and nitrogen fixation ability of Rhizobium , reducing the nitrogen utilization rate in the soil, especially reducing the yield of legumes. , Moreover, drought reduces the diversity and abundance of Actinomycesbovis , reducing the disease resistance of plants. , In addition, under drought and high temperature conditions, the growth of Pseudomonas and Proteobacteria in rhizosphere microorganisms will be enhanced, increasing the phosphorus absorption of plants and enhancing their drought resistance. ,,, Besides, light intensity can also affect the nutrient source and competitiveness of microorganisms by affecting photosynthesis and root exudates. , In general, under adverse climatic conditions, some beneficial microorganisms will be inhibited in their growth and resistance abilities, while some other beneficial microorganisms will enhance their growth and resistance abilities to resist adverse climatic conditions.…”

“…Climate change can alter the physical and chemical properties of soil, affecting the growth environment and state of microorganisms, which in turn affect the rhizosphere microorganisms. 64,65 High temperature and drought have the most significant effects on rhizosphere microorganisms. 65−67 Drought and high temperature inhibit the growth and nitrogen fixation ability of Rhizobium, reducing the nitrogen utilization rate in the soil, especially reducing the yield of legumes.…”

Maize rhizosphere modulates the microbiome diversity and community structure to enhance plant health

“…The naturally occurring rhizosphere microbiomes have been estimated to contain hundreds to thousands of different microbes with plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB), and plant Growth promoting fungi (PGPF) as the most abundant ( Dlamini et al, 2022 , Akanmu et al, 2021 ). Both PGPB and PGPF benefits the growth and development of plants in diverse ways, including the enhancement of plant growth, facilitating the provision of mineral and fixed nitrogen for plants’ use, including the enhancement of seed germination, root and shoot length, production of secondary metabolites, increasing plant tolerance to environmental stresses, and protection of plants from a wide range of phytopathogenic microbes ( Glick and Gamalero, 2021 , Olowe et al, 2020 ).…”