Rhodopsin and Melanopsin Contributions to the Early Redilation Phase of the Post-Illumination Pupil Response (PIPR)

Adhikari, Prakash; Feigl, Beatrix; Zele, Andrew J.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0161175

Cited by 61 publications

(86 citation statements)

References 52 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The PIPR amplitude measured > 1.7 s of the light offset reflects melanopsin functions, whereas the early redilation phase of the PIPR < 1.7 s after the light offset has contributions from both, melanopsin and rhodopsin (Adhikari et al, 2016a). The PIPR amplitude increases with increasing retinal irradiance to attain half maximal pupil constriction (> 1.5 mm) at 13.5 log quanta.cm -2 .sec -1 and then plateaus to maximum constriction (> 2.9 mm) at a corneal irradiance of ~ 15 log quanta.cm -2 .sec -1 (Adhikari et al, 2015b;Gamlin et al, 2007;Joyce, Feigl, & Zele, 2012).…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 95%

“…The PLR is the pupil constriction in response to light and is contributed by both inner retinal ipRGCs and outer retinal rods and cones (Adhikari, Zele, & Feigl, 2015b;Barrionuevo, Nicandro, McAnany, Zele, Gamlin, & Cao, 2014;Joyce, Feigl, Cao, & Zele, 2015;McDougal & Gamlin, 2010) whereas the PIPR, which is a sustained pupil constriction after light offset (Adhikari et al, 2015b;Gamlin et al, 2007;Hansen, Sander, Kessel, Broendsted, Kawasaki, Herbst, LundAndersen, Medicinska, & Oftalmiatrik, 2012;Kankipati, 2009;Kankipati, Girkin, & Gamlin, 2010;Markwell et al, 2010;McDougal et al, 2010;Park, Moura, Raza, Rhee, Kardon, & Hood, 2011;Young & Kimura, 2008), is predominantly driven by ipRGCs (Adhikari, Feigl, & Zele, 2016a;Gamlin et al, 2007). The measurement of the PIPR allows for the direct and in vivo assessment of ipRGC function in humans (Adhikari et al, 2015b;Feigl & Zele, 2014;Gamlin et al, 2007;Kankipati et al, 2010;Markwell et al, 2010;McDougal et al, 2010;Young et al, 2008).…”

Section: Chapter 1: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An Evaluation of Melanopsin Function and Light Exposure in Depressive Disorders

Ojha¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aberrant light exposure causes depression in animals through a pathway involving the recently discovered intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs). The photopigment melanopsin expressed in ipRGCs encodes irradiance to signal to the nonimage-forming centres of the brain, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) for circadian photoentrainment and the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN) to control the pupil light reflex. Mouse models have further identified ipRGC projections to the brain nuclei that regulate mood and behaviour. In humans, the post-illumination pupil response (PIPR), a sustained pupillary constriction after light offset, is used as a direct and non-invasive biomarker of ipRGC function.The PIPR amplitude is reduced in humans with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) that shows a seasonal variation in depressive episodes with a peak manifestation in winter when the solar light exposure is low, but a recent study including patients with non-seasonal depressive disorder did not detect ipRGC dysfunction. Moreover, neither study measured the ambient light exposure levels in patients with depression for comparison to healthy individuals without depression. The knowledge of the role of light coding cells (ipRGCs) in major depressive disorder (MDD) is incomplete unless the relationship between ambient light exposure levels and melanopsin function is evaluated. This study aims to measure the environmental light exposure levels and their relationship with melanopsin-mediated PIPR in non-seasonal depression. It is hypothesised that the patients with non-seasonal depression are exposed to low light levels and this is associated with impaired melanopsin function.A sample of 22 adults was recruited, including people with non-seasonal depression (n = 8, median age: 35 years) and healthy age-matched controls (n = 14, median age: 29 years).The presence of a DSM-IV MDD was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatry ii Interview (MINI 6). The severity of depression symptoms was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Individuals with recurrent MDD assessed with the MINI and a positive screen on the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-SAD (HDRS-SAD) were excluded as SAD. Both groups had visual acuity ≥ 6/6, normal colour vision and intraocular pressure (IOP) ≤ 21 mmHg, no corneal and lenticular opacities and normal retinae and optic discs. The ipRGC-mediated PIPR was measured using a short duration (1 s) high irradiance (15.5 log quanta.cm -2 .s -1 ) short wavelength (blue appearing) light stimulus with a custom built Maxwellian view pupillometer. Light exposure levels, sleep-wake times and sleep efficiency were determined over 2 weeks with an ambulatory light sensor device (Geneactive).The mean daily light exposure levels were similar between the groups and there were no statistically significant differences between the groups for light exposure levels as a function of clock hours, nor in the total number of minutes of exposu...

show abstract

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Chapter 1: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Evaluation of Melanopsin Function and Light Exposure in Depressive Disorders

Ojha¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…IpRGCs also signal to the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN) for mediation of the pupil light reflex (PLR) (Gamlin et al 2007;Kawasaki & Kardon 2007) and in particular the post-illumination pupil response (PIPR) (Adhikari et al 2016a;Gamlin et al 2007;Kawasaki & Kardon 2007;Markwell et al 2010), which is an emerging method for the direct assessment of ipRGC function in healthy and diseased eyes and in persons with chronobiological disorders Feigl et al 2012b;Gamlin et al 2007;Gracitelli et al 2016;Gracitelli et al 2014;Gracitelli et al 2015;Kawasaki & Kardon 2007;Markwell et al 2010;Maynard et al 2015). Two recent studies observed that sleep duration was altered in advanced AMD patients; sleep duration decreased in wet AMD and increased in dry AMD (Khurana et al 2016;Pérez-Canales et al 2016) but the effect of aberrant ipRGC signalling in AMD Maynard et al 2015) as a contributing factor was not evaluated.…”

Section: 3mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…All three photoreceptor types; rods, cones and ipRGCs are affected in advanced AMD (Curcio et al 1996;Maynard et al 2015) and contribute to the initial pupil constriction during stimulus presentation (McDougal & Gamlin 2010) whereas ipRGCs and rods contribute to the sustained post-illumination pupil response (Adhikari et al 2016a;Gamlin et al 2007). At least five different ipRGC subtypes (M 1 -M 5 ) (Ecker et al 2010;Schmidt et al 2011a) have been identified that project to non-image forming centres in the rodent brain, with the M 1 and M 2 subtypes likely to be homologous to the outer and inner stratifying melanopsin cells found in humans and non-human primates (Dacey et al 2005;Jusuf et al 2007;Liao et al 2016).…”

Section: 6mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further; rods, cones and ipRGCs are all affected in advanced AMD (Curcio et al 1996;Maynard et al 2015) and contribute to the initial pupil constriction during stimulus presentation (McDougal & Gamlin 2010) and the sustained post-illumination pupil response (Adhikari et al 2016a;Gamlin et al 2007). IpRGC subtypes M 1 and M 2 that have been identified in humans (see Section 2.3.1) differentially innervate the SCN (80% M 1 and 20% M 2 ) and OPN (45% M 1 and 55% M 2 ) (Baver, Pickard, Sollars & Pickard 2008), although pupillometry only measures the function of OPN-projecting ipRGCs.…”

Section: 3mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Image and Non-Image Forming Melanopsin Function in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Maynard¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

Crosstalk: The diversity of melanopsin ganglion cell types has begun to challenge the canonical divide between image‐forming and non‐image‐forming vision

Sondereker

Stabio

Renna

2020

J of Comparative Neurology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Melanopsin ganglion cells have defied convention since their discovery almost 20 years ago. In the years following, many types of these intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) have emerged. In the mouse retina, there are currently six known types (M1–M6) of melanopsin ganglion cells, each with unique morphology, mosaics, connections, physiology, projections, and functions. While melanopsin‐expressing cells are usually associated with behaviors like circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary light reflex, the characterization of multiple types has demonstrated a reach that may extend far beyond non‐image‐forming vision. In fact, studies have shown that individual types of melanopsin ganglion cells have the potential to impact image‐forming functions like contrast sensitivity and color opponency. Thus, the goal of this review is to summarize the morphological and functional aspects of the six known types of melanopsin ganglion cells in the mouse retina and to highlight their respective roles in non‐image‐forming and image‐forming vision. Although many melanopsin ganglion cell types do project to image‐forming brain targets, it is important to note that this is only the first step in determining their influence on image‐forming vision. Even so, the visual system has canonically been divided into these two functional realms and melanopsin ganglion cells have begun to challenge the boundary between them, providing an overlap of visual information that is complementary rather than redundant. Further studies on these ganglion cell photoreceptors will no doubt continue to illustrate an ever‐expanding role for melanopsin ganglion cells in image‐forming vision.

show abstract

Rhodopsin and Melanopsin Contributions to the Early Redilation Phase of the Post-Illumination Pupil Response (PIPR)

Cited by 61 publications

References 52 publications

An Evaluation of Melanopsin Function and Light Exposure in Depressive Disorders

An Evaluation of Melanopsin Function and Light Exposure in Depressive Disorders

Image and Non-Image Forming Melanopsin Function in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Crosstalk: The diversity of melanopsin ganglion cell types has begun to challenge the canonical divide between image‐forming and non‐image‐forming vision

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About