Rhubarb anthraquinone glycosides protect against cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury in rats by regulating brain–gut neurotransmitters

Abstract

Rhubarb anthraquinone glycosides (RAGs) have been proven to have significant therapeutic effects on ischemic stroke, and this effect may be related to the microbiome–gut–brain axis. In this study, an HPLC‐FLD method was established to measure brain–gut neurotransmitters of rats with cerebral ischemia‐reperfusion injury (CIRI), to explore whether the mechanism of RAGs against CIRI is related to the microbiome–gut–brain axis. A Shimadzu ODS‐3 C18 column was used for chromatographic separation, and 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT), 5‐hydroxy indole acetic acid (5‐HIAA), glutamic acid (Glu), aspartic acid (Asp), and γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) were determined simultaneously. The results showed that there is an excellent linear relationship (R2≥ 0.9990) and a high separation degree in the HPLC‐FLD method. Whereas the contents of Asp and Glu in the brain and colon increased (p < 0.05), the contents of 5‐HT, 5‐HIAA, and GABA in the brain and colon decreased (p < 0.05) after CIRI. RAGs could effectively reduce the contents of Asp and Glu (p < 0.05), and increase the contents of 5‐HT, 5‐HIAA, and GABA in the brain and colon (p < 0.05). Combined with the previous experimental results, we can speculate that RAGs can regulate intestinal flora disorder caused by CIRI, and then regulate the imbalance between the release and decomposition of neurotransmitters caused by intestinal flora disorder.

A UPLC-Q-TOF-MS-Based Metabolomics Approach to Screen out Active Components in Prepared Rhubarb for Its Activity on Noxious Heat Blood Stasis Syndrome

“…As shown in Figure 6, atherosclerosis is a common kind of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in clinics, which belongs to the category of "blood stasis" in traditional Chinese medicine, and these compounds might exert a therapeutic effect by regulating various metabolic pathways including the sphingolipid signaling pathway and the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway. Part of the predictions were not only consistent with the results of the metabolomics but also in line with the efficacy and clinical application of prepared rhubarb (Liu et al, 2020;Guo et al, 2021), suggesting that the strategy based on metabolomics to find the active chemicals of TCM described in this study was quite feasible, giving reliable conclusions .…”

Thymol ameliorated neurotoxicity and cognitive deterioration in a thioacetamide-induced hepatic encephalopathy rat model; involvement of the BDNF/CREB signaling pathway

“…These changes could be secondary consequences of hyperammonaemia, which alters the monoaminergic synaptic function by activating monoamine oxidase enzymes and disrupting monoamine neurotransmitters. 43–45…”

“…These changes could be secondary consequences of hyperammonaemia, which alters the monoaminergic synaptic function by activating monoamine oxidase enzymes and disrupting monoamine neurotransmitters. [43][44][45] A number of studies have provided evidence that thymol exhibits a wide range of beneficial effects that could be attributed to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. [13][14][15] Concerning its toxicity, thymol has no known adverse effects according to the Environmental Protection Agency, when used in animals and humans.…”

Gut microbes in cerebrovascular diseases: Gut flora imbalance, potential impact mechanisms and promising treatment strategies

“…Intracerebral aneurysms are the primary cause of CeVD, including subarachnoid and intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). The decrease in Hungatella hathewayi ( 35 ) and the increase in Campylobacter ( 82 ) are the predominant microorganism changes in the intestines that influence the onset, progression, and prognosis of IA. These bacteria have not been found in other CeVD for the time being ( 35 , 82 ).…”

“…The decrease in Hungatella hathewayi ( 35 ) and the increase in Campylobacter ( 82 ) are the predominant microorganism changes in the intestines that influence the onset, progression, and prognosis of IA. These bacteria have not been found in other CeVD for the time being ( 35 , 82 ). An increase in Bacteroidetes may play a role in the incidence of dementia after CSVD ( 83 ).…”