In this study, we explore the evolution and function of two closely related RNase A ribonucleases from the chicken, Gallus gallus. Separated by ϳ10 kb on chromosome 6, the coding sequences of RNases A-1 and A-2 are diverging under positive selection pressure (d N > d S ) but remain similar to one another (81% amino acid identity) and to the mammalian angiogenins. Immunoreactive RNases A-1 and A-2 (both ϳ16 kDa) were detected in peripheral blood granulocytes and bone marrow. Recombinant proteins are ribonucleolytically active (k cat ؍ 2.6 and 0.056 s ؊1 , respectively), and surprisingly, both interact with human placental ribonuclease inhibitor. RNase A-2, the more cationic (pI 11.0), is both angiogenic and bactericidal; RNase A-1 (pI 10.2) has neither activity. We demonstrated via point mutation of the catalytic His 110 that ablation of ribonuclease activity has no impact on the bactericidal activity of RNase A-2. We determined that the divergent domains II (amino acids 71-76) and III (amino acids 89 -104) of RNase A-2 are both important for bactericidal activity. Furthermore, we demonstrated that these cationic domains can function as independent bactericidal peptides without the tertiary structure imposed by the RNase A backbone. These results suggest that ribonucleolytic activity may not be a crucial constraint limiting the ongoing evolution of this gene family and that the ribonuclease backbone may be merely serving as a scaffold to support the evolution of novel, nonribonucleolytic proteins.The RNase A ribonuclease gene family has been a tremendous source of information on unusual evolutionary constraints and their effects on protein structure and function at the molecular level. Although RNase A ribonucleases maintain invariant disulfide bonds and catalytic components that are necessary for RNA degradation, other regions have diverged dramatically. RNase A ribonucleases have been implicated in a wide variety of physiologic functions and have been observed to promote angiogenesis, cellular apoptosis, and anti-tumor and anti-pathogen host defense via a complex array of seemingly unrelated molecular mechanisms (reviewed in Refs. 1-8).The specific patterns of diversification are best understood among the RNase A ribonucleases of mammalian species. Four major RNase A lineages have been described in mammals (6) as follows: the pancreatic RNases, or RNases 1, which include the prototype, bovine pancreatic RNase A; a second group, including the eosinophil ribonucleases EDN (RNases 2), ECP (RNases 3), and RNases 6, 7, and 8; a third group that includes the RNases 4; and a final group that includes the angiogenins (RNases 5). There are also several genes, such as RNases 9 -13 in the human genome, that are distantly related to the RNase A family based on amino acid sequence homology but that are missing one or more elements necessary for enzymatic activity (9 -13). Interestingly, not all RNase A lineages are found in every mammalian species, and there are some recently described mammalian RNase A ribonucleases that...