Rice Growth, Grain Yield, and Floodwater Nutrient Dynamics as Affected by Nutrient Placement Method and Rate

Abstract

Th e loss of major nutrients can be high in rice (Oryza sativa L.) fi elds, particularly rainfed rice, where water fl owing from fi eld to fi eld during periods of high rainfall not only reduces the nutrient use effi ciencies but also has the potential for environmental degradation. We examined the infl uence of deep point placement of N, P, and K briquettes compared to broadcast incorporation of N, P, and K on fl oodwater nutrient loads aft er fertilizer application and on the performance of wet season rice in a Vertisol. Broadcast application of N as urea resulted in an average 10 times higher amounts of ammonium N in fl oodwater compared to deep placement of urea briquette. Th e broadcast application of single superphosphate resulted in 67 times higher amounts of P in fl oodwater than plots receiving deep placed P. Th e fl oodwater NH 4 + -N and P content in the deep placement treatments were negligible-similar to fl oodwater N and P content without fertilizer application. Th e fl oodwater K amounts were also significantly lower with deep placed N-P-K briquettes. Signifi cantly higher grain and straw yields, total N, P, and K uptake, and N and P use effi ciencies were observed with deep placement of N-P-K compared to broadcast application of N-P-K. Deep placed N-P briquettes gave signifi cantly higher grain yield, straw biomass, total P and K uptake, apparent P recovery, and agronomic N and P use effi ciencies when plant spacing was reduced from 20 by 20 cm to 20 by 10 cm. Closer plant spacing led to better utilization of P and K and provided opportunities for deep placement of N-P or N-P-K briquettes in soils with low available P. Combining site specifi c characteristics (high soil pH, low percolation rate, high rainfall and surface runoff s) with plant spacing and N-P-K briquettes prepared based on site-specifi c nutrient requirements off ers potential for higher yields, improved fertilizer use effi ciency, balanced fertilization, and reduced nutrient losses.

Deep placement of N fertilizers influences N use efficiency and yield of BRRI dhan29 under flooded condition

“…The increase in rice yield as observed in the present study is due to the spontaneous supply of nitrogen from USG throughout the growing period of rice and due to minimum loss of nitrogen as because of deep placement. These findings are well corroborated with Kapoor et al (2008), Islam et al (2011), and Afroz et al (2014) and Huda et al (2016) who observed increased rice yield due to application of USG and NPK briquettes. Islam et al (2014) also reported that grain yield of BRRI dhan28 increased by 97.03% over control with the application of USG and 87.58% with NPK briquette whereas 66.24% grain yield increase was obtained with PU application.…”

“…Again, the deep placement of USG and NPK briquette minimizes the concentration of NH 4 -N in floodwater compared to broadcast application of PU. Kapoor et al (2008) reported that broadcast application of N as urea resulted on an average 10 times higher amounts of ammonium N in flood water compared to deep placement of urea briquette and NPK briquette. Bhuiyan et al (1998) reported that deep point placement of USG produced significantly higher grain yield of rice than split application of PU.…”

Increasing nitrogen rates in rice and its effect on plant nutrient composition and nitrogen apparent recovery

“…Nitrogen is the main nutrient associated with yield, but N management responds differently to rice type (indica or japonica associated with climate requirement and interaction with N nutrition), cultivar, geographic zone, and other crop practices (Angus et al, 1994;Ying et al, 1998;Bouman et al, 2007;De-Xi et al, 2007;Huang et al, 2008;Jing et al, 2008;Hirzel et al, 2011a). Similarly, fertilization management and genotype × environment interaction generate differences in plant nutrient composition (Mengel and Kirkby, 1987); they affect crop extraction, rice plant yield components, and N use efficiency (Ying et al, 1998;Kapoor et al, 2008;Matsunami et al, 2009;Taylaran et al, 2009). At the same time, differences in nutrient compartmentalization in the rice plant (grain and residues) (Cordero-Vásquez and Murillo- Vargas, 1990) produce positive or negative effects on the nutrient balance of the soil-plant system for those productive systems in which plant residues are incorporated or extracted.…”

Effect of Prilled Urea, Urea and NPK Briquettes on the Yield of Bitter Gourd in Two Upazillas of Jessore District

“…Based on the treatment comparisons, the benefits to the vegetables crops can largely be attributed to the deep placement of NPK briquettes. Kapoor et al (2008) and Islam et al (2011) observed significantly higher N, P, and K uptake with deep placement of NPK briquette compared to broadcast application. The positive impact of cowdung is evident for higher yield, nutrient uptake, and nutrient recovery when compare the NPK briquette with cowdung (T 6 ) and NPK briquette without cowdung (T 7 ).…”