RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, nootkatone, CAS Registry Number 4674-50-4

Api, A.M.; Belsito, D.; Biserta, S.; Botelho, D.; Bruze, M.; Burton, G.A.; Buschmann, J.; Cancellieri, M.A.; Dagli, M.L.; Date, M.; Dekant, W.; Deodhar, C.; Fryer, A.D.; Gadhia, S.; Jones, L.; Joshi, K.; Lapczynski, A.; Lavelle, M.; Liebler, D.C.; Na, M.; O’Brien, D.; Patel, A.; Penning, T.M.; Ritacco, G.; Rodríguez-Ropero, F.; Romine, J.; Sadekar, N.; Salvito, D.; Schultz, T.W.; Siddiqi, F.; Sipes, I. G.; Sullivan, G.; Thakkar, Y.; Tokura, Y.; Tsang, S.

doi:10.1016/j.fct.2020.111426

Cited by 4 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…No clinical toxicity signs were observed. There were no adverse effects on body weight, survival, food and water consumption, and hemogram and blood biochemical parameters . It is allowed as an additive at a 0.5 mg kg –1 concentration level by the EFSA .…”

Section: Safety Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the contrary, no adverse effects occurred after nootkatone treatment (purity > 98%). In three human maximization tests with 10% or 6900 μg cm –2 nootkatone with 86%, 86%, and 98% purity, skin sensitization reactions were observed in 3/28, 1/25, and 0/25 subjects, respectively …”

Section: Safety Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There were no adverse effects on body weight, survival, food and water consumption, and hemogram and blood biochemical parameters. 178 It is allowed as an additive at a 0.5 mg kg −1 concentration level by the EFSA. 179 Additionally, an earlier study of the rats model proved that the oral administration of an ethanol extract of A. oxyphylla (the major components being valencene and nootkatone) at a dose of 1000 mg kg −1 did not show any symptoms of toxicity or mortality.…”

Section: Safety Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In three human maximization tests with 10% or 6900 μg cm −2 nootkatone with 86%, 86%, and 98% purity, skin sensitization reactions were observed in 3/28, 1/25, and 0/25 subjects, respectively. 178…”

Section: Safety Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Production, Function, and Applications of the Sesquiterpenes Valencene and Nootkatone: a Comprehensive Review

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Valencene and nootkatone, two sesquiterpenes, extracted from natural sources, have great market potential with diverse applications. This paper aims to comprehensively review the recent advances in valencene and nootkatone, including source, production, physicochemical and biological properties, safety and pharmacokinetics evaluation, potential uses, and their industrial applications as well as future research directions. Microbial biosynthesis offers a promising alternative approach for sustainable production of valencene and nootkatone. Both compounds exert various beneficial activities, including antimicrobial, insecticidal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective and other activities. However, most of the studies are performed in animals and in vitro, making it difficult to give a conclusive description about their health benefits and extend their application. Hence, more attention should be paid to in vivo and long-term clinical studies in the future. Moreover, valencene and nootkatone are considered safe for consumption and show great promise in the applications of food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, chemical, and agricultural industries.

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Section: Safety Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Safety Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Safety Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Safety Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Production, Function, and Applications of the Sesquiterpenes Valencene and Nootkatone: a Comprehensive Review

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2022

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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“…Nootkatone (NKT) (PubChem CID: 1268142) is a type of sesquiterpene compound extracted from Nardostachys jatamansi DC. (NJ), with low biological toxicity and broad pharmacological activity (Api et al, 2020). It can inhibit the activity of non-small cell lung cancer by activating the adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, and the therapeutic effect is better than clinical metformin (Hung, Moon, Ryu, & Cho, 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Nootkatone alleviates rotenone‐induced Parkinson's disease symptoms through activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

Yao

Bian

et al. 2022

Phytotherapy Research

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Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease worldwide. Nootkatone (NKT) has been shown to have neuroprotective, anti‐inflammatory, and antioxidant effects and in this study, we systematically studied the efficacy and mechanism of action of NKT in rotenone (ROT)‐induced PD rats. Firstly, through behavioral experiments and brain tissue staining, we found that NKT alleviated behavioral dysfunction and protected dopaminergic neurons associated with ROT‐induced PD rats. Next, target prediction, protein–protein interaction (PPI), Gene Ontology (GO), and pathway enrichment analyses were used to obtain potential targets, specific biological processes, and molecular mechanisms of NKT for the potential treatment of PD. Furthermore, we also applied molecular docking to predict the binding capacity of NKT and related targets. Additionally, in vivo experiments confirmed that NKT could inhibit the expression of Mitogen‐activated protein kinase 3 (MAPK3) by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, reducing neuroinflammation, and ultimately ameliorating ROT‐induced PD symptoms. Taken together, the results of the study provide a clear explanation for the remission of PD symptoms by NKT, suggesting that it may be a promising candidate for the treatment of PD.

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Sniffing Out the Sustainable Future: The Renewability Revolution in Fragrance Chemistry**

Elterlein,

Bugdahn,

Kraft

2024

Chemistry A European J

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In this review, the impact of the transition from today’s petrochemical economy towards a 100/100 renewable and biodegradable future is discussed: “citrus”, “green”, “fruity”, “floral”, “floriental”, “oriental”, “woody”, “chypre” and “fougère”. After benchmark data on ingredients usage, definitions on biodegradation and sustainability are given. Celebrating the 150th anniversary of svanillin, its historic synthesis from renewable starting materials serves as introduction. Citrus scents upcycled from the beverages industry are already an ideal case for 100/100 with new opportunities for artificial essential oils. In the fruity domain, transparent and lactonic ingredients are available in a sustainable manner. In the domain of green odorants, there is a lack of green chemistry for important key materials. In the floral family, renewability is more critical than biodegradability, but cost is an issue. Thanks to Ambrox and maltol, florientals and orientals will persist, while woody notes severely lack an Iso E Super replacer. In the chypre genre, patchouli became the new moss, but more musks are increasingly in demand. With their high percentage of linalool and dihydromyrcenol, the construction of fougères could well become a precedent for other families, despite challenges in vetiver and salicylates. Still, the challenges exemplified create immense opportunities for new perfumery materials

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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, nootkatone, CAS Registry Number 4674-50-4

Cited by 4 publications

References 15 publications

Production, Function, and Applications of the Sesquiterpenes Valencene and Nootkatone: a Comprehensive Review

Production, Function, and Applications of the Sesquiterpenes Valencene and Nootkatone: a Comprehensive Review

Nootkatone alleviates rotenone‐induced Parkinson's disease symptoms through activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

Sniffing Out the Sustainable Future: The Renewability Revolution in Fragrance Chemistry**

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