Rifting Archaean lithosphere: the Eyasi-Manyara-Natron rifts, East Africa

Abstract

Long (>50km) normal faults bound one or both sides of narrow basins within the East African Rift System, but the dimensions and internal geometry of individual basins vary along its length. We examine basins in N Tanzania that developed in Archaean and Late Proterozoic (Pan-African) crust, and the relationship of Neogene-Recent faulting and volcanism to pre-existing lithospheric structure. In northern Tanzania the c . 50 km-wide Eastern (Gregory) Rift splays into three seismically active arms, with active extension distributed across a 200 km wide zone. We use new gravity and aeromagnetic data, and existing seismic, gravity, heat flow, and geochemical data to model lithospheric structure beneath the Archaean craton and Proterozoic orogenic belts, and its influence on rift development in N Tanzania. Depths to source bodies determined from Euler deconvolution of aeromagnetic data (1 km grid) indicate that c . 40 km wide basins are less than 3.5 km deep, with basin depths decreasing to the south, consistent with depths estimated from gravity anomalies. Asymmetric basins in the Archaean and zone of reworked Archaean and Proterozoic nappes are bounded by unusually long (100 km) border faults associated with seismicity to depths >25 km. Estimates of flexural rigidity, or effective elastic thickness (TJ, suggest that the lithosphere beneath the Tanzania craton, including the western rift arm, is stronger (64 ± 5 km) than that beneath the Proterozoic belt and the transition zone (30 ± 4 km), with the lowest T e values found beneath the central rift arm (23 +2 4 km). Heat flow, seismicity, and mantle xenolith data also indicate that the lithosphere beneath the Archaean craton was and is colder and stronger than the post-Archaean lithosphere. Geophysical and geochemical data suggest that (a) pre-existing heterogeneities in the Archaean crust influenced the orientation of border faults bounding basins, and (b) that topography at the base of the lithosphere guided the location of rifting in Tanzania, producing a broader rift zone. These results indicate the persistence of a deep cratonic root despite the impingement of a mantle plume in Cenozoic time.

Lithospheric low-velocity zones associated with a magmatic segment of the Tanzanian Rift, East Africa

“…The sedimentary layer in North Tanzania and South Kenya basins is estimated to be ca. 3.5 km thick (Birt et al 1997;Ebinger et al 1997) and cannot be responsible for such feature. In order to explain the strong negative conversion Px observed (Fig.…”

The P and S wave velocity structure of the mantle beneath eastern Africa and the African superplume anomaly

“…The Eastern branch, mostly developed within the Mozambique Belt, extends from the Afar triple junction southward through Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania. In Kenya, the Eastern branch, locally referred to as the Kenya or Gregory rift, is narrow (50-80 km wide) but in northeastern Tanzania is characterized by a wider zone (300 km) of block faulting [Dawson, 1992;Ebinger et al, 1997;Foster et al, 1997].…”

On the relationship between extension and anisotropy: Constraints from shear wave splitting across the East African Plateau

“…In Kenya, extension within the Eastern Rift has led to the formation of a narrow (50 -80 km wide) graben commonly referred to as the Kenya Rift. In northeastern Tanzania, extension is accommodated by a diffuse zone ($300 km wide) of block faulting [Dawson, 1992;Ebinger et al, 1997;Foster et al, 1997]. The Western Rift is characterized by several $100-km-long en echelon fault-bounded basins [Ebinger et al, 1989].…”