Right Ventricular Diastolic Impairment in Patients With Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Abstract

I diopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but fatal disease with a survival rate of 58% at 3 years. Present therapy is unable to normalize pulmonary arterial pressures, and PAH patients ultimately develop right heart failure. Editorial see p 1999 Clinical Perspective on p 2025Previous studies have demonstrated that PAH patients have reduced systolic function as measured by right ventricular Background-The role of right ventricular (RV) diastolic stiffness in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is not well established. Therefore, we investigated the presence and possible underlying mechanisms of RV diastolic stiffness in PAH patients. Methods and Results-Single-beat RV pressure-volume analyses were performed in 21 PAH patients and 7 control subjects to study RV diastolic stiffness. Data are presented as mean±SEM. RV diastolic stiffness (β) was significantly increased in PAH patients (PAH, 0.050±0.005 versus control, 0.029±0.003; P<0.05) and was closely associated with disease severity. Subsequently, we searched for possible underlying mechanisms using RV tissue of PAH patients undergoing heart/lung transplantation and nonfailing donors. Histological analyses revealed increased cardiomyocyte cross-sectional areas (PAH, 453±31 μm 2 versus control, 218±21 μm 2 ; P<0.001), indicating RV hypertrophy. In addition, the amount of RV fibrosis was enhanced in PAH tissue (PAH, 9.6±0.7% versus control, 7.2±0.6%; P<0.01). To investigate the contribution of stiffening of the sarcomere (the contractile apparatus of RV cardiomyocytes) to RV diastolic stiffness, we isolated and membrane-permeabilized single RV cardiomyocytes. Passive tension at different sarcomere lengths was significantly higher in PAH patients compared with control subjects (>200%; P interaction <0.001), indicating stiffening of RV sarcomeres. An important regulator of sarcomeric stiffening is the sarcomeric protein titin. Therefore, we investigated titin isoform composition and phosphorylation. No alterations were observed in titin isoform composition (N2BA/N2B ratio: PAH, 0.78±0.07 versus control, 0.91±0.08), but titin phosphorylation in RV tissue of PAH patients was significantly reduced (PAH, 0.16±0.01 arbitrary units versus control, 0.20±0.01 arbitrary units; P<0.05). In addition, these measures are highly sensitive to the confounding effects of increased preload and afterload and are therefore not reliable in the setting of PAH. 4 On the other hand, the gold standard of measuring load-independent diastolic stiffness by pressure-volume (PV) analysis is not without risk in PAH patients because it requires temporal preload reduction. Conclusions-RV3 In left heart failure, this was circumvented by the development of single-beat analyses of diastolic PV relationship. 5,6 However, it is unclear whether this analysis could also be used for the RV in PAH.There are several possible contributing factors explaining RV diastolic stiffness in PAH. Hypertrophy and fibrosis are known to increase ventricular stiffness.7 However, RV diastolic stiffn...

Iloprost reverses established fibrosis in experimental right ventricular failure

“…improving diastolic stiffness). This could be particularly important as it has been recently demonstrated that patients with PAH-associated RV dysfunction present with significant diastolic dysfunction [50].…”

Length-dependent activation is modulated by cardiac troponin I bisphosphorylation at Ser23 and Ser24 but not by Thr143 phosphorylation

“…Tissue powder was solubilized in 8 M urea buffer with DTT and 50% glycerol solution with protease inhibitors (0.16 mmol/l leupeptin, 0.04 mmol/l E-64, and 0.2 mmol/l PMSF). Samples were loaded in triplicate on 1% agarose gels stained with SYPRO Ruby to determine titin isoform composition as described previously (27).…”

The Sydney Heart Bank: improving translational research while eliminating or reducing the use of animal models of human heart disease

“…A collaboration between colleagues in Amsterdam, Paris, and Arizona (Rain et al 2013) using SHB samples concluded that a combination of changes in titin stiffness, reduced cTnI phosphorylation, and altered levels of phosphorylation of Ca 2+ -handling proteins all contribute to RV diastolic dysfunction in PAH. The following year, Manders et al (2014) used cardiac MRI, to show that the RV in PAH (both idiopathic and PAH in Eisenmengers syndrome patients) also reduces LV wall thickness, causing a 30% decrease in the ratio of myosin:actin in cardiomyocytes, and significantly reduced protein phosphorylation.…”