Right ventricular pressure dynamics and stress echocardiography in pharmacological and exercise stress testing

Durando, Mary M.; Slack, JoAnn; Reef, Virginia B.; Birks, Eric K.

doi:10.1111/j.2042-3306.2006.tb05537.x

Cited by 15 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…The range of detection of the assay is 0–50 ng/mL. This assay has been validated for use in horses and has been used in previous studies of horses . Cardiac troponin I remains stable in serum samples stored at room temperature for 5 days and was not affected by up to 5 freeze‐thaw cycles …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiotoxicity, Inflammation, and Immune Response after Rattlesnake Envenomation in the Horse

Gilliam

Holbrook

Ownby

et al. 2012

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: Cardiac abnormalities are reported in rattlesnake-bitten horses. The prevalence and cause are unknown. Objectives: To detect cardiac damage in rattlesnake-bitten horses by measuring cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and evaluating ECG recordings for presence of arrhythmias, and explore causes of this cardiac damage by measuring venom excretion, anti-venom antibodies, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa).Animals: A total of 20 adult horses with a clinical diagnosis of rattlesnake bite and 6 healthy adult horses. Methods: In a prospective clinical study, bite site swabs, blood samples, and urine samples were collected at various time points from 20 horses with a clinical diagnosis of snake bite. Continuous ECG recordings were obtained on the 20 affected horses and 6 normal control horses using 24-hour holter monitors. Plasma samples were assayed for cTnI, serum samples were assayed for TNFa and anti-venom antibodies, and bite site swabs and urine were assayed for venom.Results: Forty percent of rattlesnake-bitten horses (8/20) experienced myocardial damage (increased cTnI). Seventy percent (14/20) experienced a cardiac arrhythmia. There was a positive correlation between cTnI and TNFa (P < .02). Horses with cTnI ! 2 ng/mL were more likely to have antibody titers >5,000 (P < .05). No correlations were found between venom concentration and cTnI, anti-venom antibody titers, TNFa, or presence of arrhythmias.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Cardiac abnormalities in this population of horses indicate that cardiac damage after rattlesnake bite is common. Rattlesnake-bitten horses should be monitored for signs of cardiac damage and dysfunction. Long-term follow-up should be encouraged to detect delayed cardiac dysfunction.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiotoxicity, Inflammation, and Immune Response after Rattlesnake Envenomation in the Horse

Gilliam

Holbrook

Ownby

et al. 2012

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…In those instances, cTnI concentrations can help with both diagnosis and assessment of myocardial damage. In race horses a mild, yet significant rise in cTnI has been observed after exercise during short‐duration racing, but the increases in serum concentrations typically only reached just the high end of the upper limit of normal 21–23 …”

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confidence: 99%

“…In race horses a mild, yet significant rise in cTnI has been observed after exercise during short-duration racing, but the increases in serum concentrations typically only reached just the high end of the upper limit of normal. [21][22][23] CRP is an acute phase protein, which is mildly to moderately increased beyond baseline values (50-150 mg/mL) in response to inflammatory conditions or chronic disease processes such as pancreatitis, lymphoma, and inflammatory bowel disease, or after surgery. [24][25][26][27][28] Even greater increases in CRP (4500 mg/mL) are observed during infectious diseases such as sepsis, bacterial, and protozoal infections.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Influence of High-Intensity Moderate Duration Exercise on Cardiac Troponin I and C-Reactive Protein in Sled Dogs

Wakshlag

Kraus

Gelzer

et al. 2010

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

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Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI) are biomarkers of systemic inflammation and cardiac damage, respectively.Objective: To investigate the effects of short-duration high-intensity exercise on plasma cTnI and serum CRP concentrations in sprint racing sled dogs.Animals: Twenty-two Alaskan sled dogs of 2 different teams participating in a 2-day racing event.Methods: In this prospective field study, cephalic venipuncture was performed on all dogs before racing and immediately after racing on 2 consecutive days. Plasma cTnI and serum CRP concentrations were evaluated at each time point.Results: There was a mild, significant rise (P o .01) in median cTnI concentrations from resting (0.02 ng/mL; 0.0-0.12 ng/ mL) on both days after racing (day 1 5 0.06, 0.02-0.2 ng/mL; day 2 5 0.07, 0.02-0.21 ng/mL). Serum CRP concentrations showed a mild significant increase (P o .01) on day 2 after racing mean (9.2 AE 4.6 mg/mL) as compared with resting (6.5 1 4.3 mg/mL) and day 1 after racing (5.0 1 2.9 mg/mL). Neither cTnI or CRP concentrations exceeded the upper reference range for healthy dogs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Strenuous exercise of short duration did not result in cTnI concentrations above the reference range for healthy dogs. Although increased after 2 days of short-duration strenuous exercise, CRP did not reach concentrations suggestive of inflammation, as reported previously in the endurance sled dogs. Therefore, we surmise that moderate exercise does not present a confounding variable in the interpretation of cTnI and CRP concentrations in normal dogs.

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“…25 Evaluation of cTnI in the horse is limited, except for reports that documented cTnI values in horses in training or at rest and for isolated case reports of acute ventricular tachycardia. 3,9,13,19,27,30 Recently, the present authors reported that cTnI, measured by either the access immunoassay a or the point-of-care analyzer i- STAT 1, b is an accurate method of detecting cardiac disease in the horse (MS Kraus, SA Jesty, AR Gelzer, et al: 2007, Characterization of cardiac troponin I as an indicator of cardiac damage in horses utilizing an i-STAT-1. Abstract in proceedings of the Annual American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Forum.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Findings and Serum Cardiac Troponin I Concentrations in Horses after Intragastric Administration of Sodium Monensin

et al. 2009

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Abstract. Six adult horses were administered sodium monensin, 1.0-1.5 mg/kg, via gastric gavage. Anorexia and/or diarrhea occurred within 24 hr after monensin administration in all 6 horses. Cardiac disease and dysfunction were evaluated by both elevations in heart rate, echocardiography, and an increase in serum concentrations of cardiac troponin I (cTnI), occurred in 4 horses. The development and severity of cardiac disease was likely affected by the monensin dose, vehicle (water or corn oil) mixed with monensin, and/or whether the monensin was administered to fed or fasted horses. Initial increases in cTnI concentrations occurred between 24 and 72 hr after monensin administration. The 2 horses with the highest cTnI concentrations died or were euthanized within 5 days after monensin administration and had severe cardiac disease. One horse had increased cTnI concentrations from day 2 to day 16, but no apparent change in ventricular contractile function was evident on echocardiography. The fourth diseased horse did not return to cTnI reference intervals until day 27 after monensin administration, and the ventricular function was still abnormal just before euthanasia 9 months later. Cardiac troponin I measurements could be useful in managing farm outbreaks of accidental monensin feeding by the early identification of horses with cardiac disease.

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Right ventricular pressure dynamics and stress echocardiography in pharmacological and exercise stress testing

Abstract: PST deserves further evaluation in normal horses and those with cardiac disease, and may be complementary to EST to better identify exercise-induced cardiac dysfunction.

Cited by 15 publications

References 70 publications

Cardiotoxicity, Inflammation, and Immune Response after Rattlesnake Envenomation in the Horse

Cardiotoxicity, Inflammation, and Immune Response after Rattlesnake Envenomation in the Horse

The Influence of High-Intensity Moderate Duration Exercise on Cardiac Troponin I and C-Reactive Protein in Sled Dogs

Clinical Findings and Serum Cardiac Troponin I Concentrations in Horses after Intragastric Administration of Sodium Monensin

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