Rigid epoxy microspheres reinforced and toughened polylactic acid through enhancement of interfacial reactivity

Zhu, Pingwei; Liu, Siqi; Feng, Rui; Yang, Liu; Liu, Li; Huang, Yudong; Li, Jun

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2022.109888

Cited by 11 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…It is believed that the voids are formed as a result of debonding and/or cavitation of the dispersed rubbery particles. , The cavitation can take place inside the “salami” structure (around PS subinclusions), within the NR rubbery shell of RCS particles, or around the particles at their interface with the PLA matrix. Upon the void formation process within and/or around the particles, the impact energy is absorbed and relieved on the surrounding matrix, which in turn activates the shear yielding and plastic deformation of the surrounding matrix. ,, The level of void formation is lower for the blend containing 20 wt % of RCS particles, compared with the other blends, while the intensity of shear yielding and plastic deformation is enhanced for this sample (Figure d).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…This can reduce the relaxation and mobility of copolymer chains at the interface, contributing to the solid-like behavior observed even at 5 wt % RCS particles. 60,61 The increased level of interfacial interactions with the PLA matrix at higher loadings of rubbery particles reduced interparticle distance, and the formation of a networklike structure of rubbery domains in the PLA matrix likely contributed to the reduced slope of G′ vs frequency curves at higher frequencies for the PLA-80 blend compared to blends with lower rubber contents.…”

Section: Acs Appliedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In toughening PLA with rubber particles, enhancing the adhesion and strength of the interface plays a significant role in inducing different toughening mechanisms. 61,66,67 Fracture surface images of impact samples reveal that, with an increase in the amount of RCS particles up to 20 wt %, the surface becomes progressively rougher, signifying the participation of a larger volume of material in the absorption and dissipation of impact energy through various micromechanisms. In other words, the dispersed rubbery particles gradually activate toughening mechanisms in the PLA matrix.…”

Section: Acs Appliedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Design and Synthesis of Polystyrene-Occluded Reactive Core–Shell Particles of Natural Rubber to Balance Stiffness and Toughness in Poly(lactic acid)

Alizadeh,

Habibi,

Razavi Aghjeh

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

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Rubber toughening of poly(lactic acid), PLA, particularly with biobased natural rubber (NR) to address its inherent brittleness, is always at the cost of reducing stiffness and tensile strength. In this work, reactive core−shell particles (RCS particles) of NR with occluded rigid polystyrene (PS) nanodomains inside the NR particles and surface-grafted glycidyl methacrylatemethyl methacrylate copolymer (GMA-co-MMA) were designed and successfully synthesized via a two-step seeded emulsion polymerization technique to balance the stiffness and toughness of the PLA/NR blends. Incorporation of RCS particles resulted in a significant improvement in the impact toughness of PLA. The maximum impact strength of 365 J/m (28-fold increment relative to PLA) was achieved for the PLA/RCS 80/20 blend, while the tensile strength preserved 86% and decrement in Young's modulus was less than 20%, representative of a notable "stiff ness−toughness balance" in these systems. This substantial increase in impact toughness was ascribed to the high level of interfacial adhesion between the RCS particles and PLA matrix and consequently activation of different toughening micromechanisms, particularly massive shear yielding in the entire PLA matrix. On the other hand, both the retained tensile strength and elastic modulus were attributed to the inclusion of rigid PS nanodomains within the NR particles. This innovative strategy, which effectively achieves a balance between stiffness and toughness in high-performance biodegradable plastics based on PLA, represents a significant advancement in the production of alternatives to engineering plastics, especially for use in automotive applications.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Acs Appliedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Acs Appliedmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Design and Synthesis of Polystyrene-Occluded Reactive Core–Shell Particles of Natural Rubber to Balance Stiffness and Toughness in Poly(lactic acid)

Alizadeh,

Habibi,

Razavi Aghjeh

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Polym. Mater.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…A one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done to compare the various groups. Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05 level of significance 19 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Statistical significance was defined as p < 0.05 level of significance. 19 3 | RESULTS AND DISCUSSION…”

Section: Statistical Analysis Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A strategy to prepare high‐robust and ultra‐tough polylactic acid/polycaprolactone/talc composites with thermo‐resistance

Xia,

Qian,

et al. 2023

Polymer Composites

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Blending with ductile polycaprolactone (PCL) is one of the common toughening methods for polylactic acid (PLA). However, it seems inevitable to experience a trade‐off in mechanical strength and thermal stability of PLA. Therefore, this study aimed to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of PLA/PCL blends by adding different contents of talc (0–10 wt%) and conducting annealing treatments. Interestingly, the maximum tensile strength (52.04 MPa), elongation at break (83.51%), and impact strength (6.05 kJ/m2) were achieved by incorporating 2.5 wt% talc into the blends without annealing. Meanwhile, the addition of just 1 wt% talc shortened the semi‐crystallization time of PLA to one‐third of the neat PLA at 100°C. Particularly, after annealing treatment, the crystallinity of PLA increased to 32.1%, and the Vicat softening temperature reached as high as 133.3°C with 2.5 wt% talc. Importantly, the increase in crystallinity did not compromise the toughness of PLA composites but significantly enhanced the impact strength to 8.91 kJ/m2. This study provides an updated understanding of the relationship between toughness and crystallinity in PLA composites.Highlights Thermo‐resistance of polylactic acid (PLA) composite increases to 133.3°C. Talc aids nucleation and promotes PLA crystallization. Increased crystallinity and high toughness are simultaneously realized. Adding 1 wt% talc reduced PLA semi‐crystallization time by one‐third. Crystal transformation and sea‐islands structure are vital for reinforcements.

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Simultaneous improvement of tensile strength and toughness of polylactic acid by incorporating a biodegradable core‐shell nanofiller with double polymer layers

Gao,

Peng,

Deng

et al. 2024

Polymer Composites

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While blending with flexible polymers has been a commonly employed strategy to enhance the toughness of polylactic acid (PLA), it's still a great challenge to avoid the sacrifice of tensile strength at the same time. In this work, we demonstrate a promising route to simultaneously improve the strength and toughness of PLA by compounding PLA with poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and PLA grafted multi‐walled carbon nanotubes core‐shell nanofiller (MWNT‐PCLPLA) via a two‐step ring‐opening polymerization and have analyzed the strengthening and toughening mechanism through molecular dynamics simulation. The double polymer layers of MWNT‐PCLPLA effectively improve the interfacial interaction between MWNTs and the matrix, in which the outer PLA layer has the same molecular structure with the matrix and facilitates stress transfer, while the flexible PCL layer can absorb energy through self‐deformation and induce local plastic deformation of the matrix. When the content of MWNTs was only 1 wt%, the strength and elongation at break of PLA/MWNT‐PCLPLA nanocomposites were increased by 47.92% and 690.11% compared to neat PLA. Furthermore, the toughness of nanocomposites reached 11.93 MJ/m3, which is about 16 times that of neat PLA. This novel core‐shell nanofiller with double polymer layers is expected to be further applied in other polymer systems.Highlights A core‐shell nanofiller with double polymer layers was synthesized. Improved dispersion and interfacial compatibility of nanofillers in matrix. The crystallization ability of PLA was improved by functionalized MWNTs. Simultaneously improved strength and toughness of PLA/MWNT‐PCLPLA nanocomposite.

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Rigid epoxy microspheres reinforced and toughened polylactic acid through enhancement of interfacial reactivity

Cited by 11 publications

References 54 publications

Design and Synthesis of Polystyrene-Occluded Reactive Core–Shell Particles of Natural Rubber to Balance Stiffness and Toughness in Poly(lactic acid)

Design and Synthesis of Polystyrene-Occluded Reactive Core–Shell Particles of Natural Rubber to Balance Stiffness and Toughness in Poly(lactic acid)

A strategy to prepare high‐robust and ultra‐tough polylactic acid/polycaprolactone/talc composites with thermo‐resistance

Simultaneous improvement of tensile strength and toughness of polylactic acid by incorporating a biodegradable core‐shell nanofiller with double polymer layers

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