Riparian canopy openings on mountain streams: Landscape controls upon temperature increases within openings and cooling downstream

Coats, William Alan; Jackson, C. Rhett

doi:10.1002/hyp.13706

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 58 publications

(74 reference statements)

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“…The higher the excess temperature of the incoming water compared to the equilibrium conditions in a river section, the higher the cooling effect. This is consistent with the modelling results of Davis et al (2016) and empirical data reported in Coats and Jackson (2020), where the cooling in a downstream shaded reach increased with water temperature in the upstream unshaded reach. It is reasonable that T range at the upstream start of the study sections increased with direct solar radiation input upstream, i.e.…”

Section: Woody Buffer Width and The Effect Of Narrow Bufferssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The principles how daily water temperature fluctuations and rates of warming and cooling caused by canopy cover decrease with stream size are well established. However, so far studies have mainly focused on small streams where the largest effects can be expected and studies comparing different stream sizes or types are rare: The empirical data reported in Coats and Jackson (2020) clearly indicated that the effect of canopy cover on water temperature decreases with catchment size. The modelled effect of 60% canopy cover on daily maximum water temperature was about −3.5°C in small headwater streams (Loicq et al, 2018, which is surprisingly similar to the −3.1°C predicted by our empirical equations for 0 oktas in May) and decreased to −1°C in the lower part of the catchment about 300 km from the source.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Woody buffer effects on water temperature: The role of spatial configuration and daily temperature fluctuations

Kail

Palt

Lorenz

et al. 2020

Hydrological Processes

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Water temperature is a key driver for riverine biota and strongly depends on shading by woody riparian vegetation in summer. While the general effects of shading on daily maximum water temperature T max are well understood, knowledge gaps on the role of the spatial configuration still exist. In this study, the effect of riparian buffer length, width, and canopy cover (percentage of buffer area covered by woody vegetation) on T max was investigated during summer baseflow using data measured in seven small lowland streams in western Germany (wetted width 0.8-3.7 m). The effect of buffer length on T max differed between downstream cooling and heating: T max approached cooler equilibrium conditions after a distance of 0.4 km (45 min travel-time) downstream of a sharp increase in canopy cover. In contrast, T max continued to rise downstream of a sharp decrease in canopy cover along the whole 1.6 km stream length investigated. The effect of woody vegetation on T max depended on buffer width, with changes in canopy cover in a 10 m wide buffer being a better predictor for changes in T max compared to a 30 m buffer. The effect of woody vegetation on T max was linearly related to canopy cover but also depended on daily temperature range T range , which itself was governed by cloudiness, upstream canopy cover, and season. The derived empirical relationship indicated that T max was reduced by −4.6 C and increased by +2.7 C downstream of a change from unshaded to fully shaded conditions and vice versa. This maximum effect was predicted for a 10 m wide buffer at sunny days in early summer, in streams with large diel fluctuations (large T range). Therefore, even narrow woody riparian buffers may substantially reduce the increase in T max due to climate change, especially in small shallow headwater streams with low baseflow discharge and large daily temperature fluctuations.

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Section: Woody Buffer Width and The Effect Of Narrow Bufferssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Woody buffer effects on water temperature: The role of spatial configuration and daily temperature fluctuations

Kail

Palt

Lorenz

et al. 2020

Hydrological Processes

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“…This suggests that limiting the spatial exposure to the stream channel by reducing the extent of treatments (treating shorter reaches of stream) may be an effective strategy to minimize local and downstream temperature changes. For example, recent studies have shown smaller temperature responses with v www.esajournals.org small-scale riparian gaps <30 m in length (Coats andJackson 2020, Swartz et al 2020). Third, we observed the emergence of distinct waveforms depending on the spatial proximity of thinning treatments.…”

Section: Management Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a result, geomorphic and hydrologic conditions inherent in the system may influence responses that contribute to the context dependency observed among studies. Consideration of such conditions (e.g., underlying lithology, geomorphology, hydrology, watershed attributes, reach-scale attributes, and climate) provide ecological context to better understand responses to change (Moore et al 2005, Burnett et al 2007, Leach et al 2017, Bladon et al 2018, Coats and Jackson 2020.…”

Section: Management Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A riverscape approach reveals downstream propagation of stream thermal responses to riparian thinning at multiple scales

2021

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“…Urban subwatersheds with more riparian canopy (Sweeney & Newbold, 2014) and less impervious area (Somers et al, 2013) will have cooler stream temperatures. Moving downstream, sites with more riparian canopy will have cooler temperatures (Coats & Jackson, 2020).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Urban stream temperature patterns: Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the Philadelphia region, Pennsylvania, USA

Beganskas

Toran

2021

Hydrological Processes

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Stream temperature is a critical water quality parameter that is not fully understood, particularly in urban areas. This study explores drivers contributing to stream temperature variability within an urban system, at 21 sites within the Philadelphia region, Pennsylvania, USA. A comprehensive set of temperature metrics were evaluated, including temperature sensitivity, daily maximum temperatures, time >20 C, and temperature surges during storms. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) were the strongest driver of downstream temperature variability along 32 km in Wissahickon Creek. WWTP effluent temperature controlled local (1-3 km downstream) temperatures year-round, but the impacts varied seasonally: during winter, local warming of 2-7 C was consistently observed, while local cooling up to 1 C occurred during summer. Summer cooling and winter warming were detected up to 12 km downstream of a WWTP. Comparing effects from different WWTPs provided guidelines for mitigating their thermal impact; WWTPs that discharged into larger streams, had cooler effluent, or had lower discharge had less effect on stream temperatures. Comparing thermal regimes in four urban headwater streams, sites with more local riparian canopy had cooler maximum temperatures by up to 1.5 C, had lower temperature sensitivity, and spent less time at high temperatures, although mean temperatures were unaffected. Watershed-scale impervious area was associated with increased surge frequency and magnitude at headwater sites, but most storms did not result in a surge and most surges had a low magnitude. These results suggest that maintaining or restoring riparian canopy in urban settings will have a larger impact on stream temperatures than stormwater management that treats impervious area. Mitigation efforts may be most impactful at urban headwater sites, which are particularly vulnerable to stream temperature disruptions. It is vital that stream temperature impacts are considered when planning stormwater management or stream restoration projects, and the appropriate metrics need to be considered when assessing impacts.

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Riparian canopy openings on mountain streams: Landscape controls upon temperature increases within openings and cooling downstream

Cited by 13 publications

References 58 publications

Woody buffer effects on water temperature: The role of spatial configuration and daily temperature fluctuations

Woody buffer effects on water temperature: The role of spatial configuration and daily temperature fluctuations

A riverscape approach reveals downstream propagation of stream thermal responses to riparian thinning at multiple scales

Urban stream temperature patterns: Spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the Philadelphia region, Pennsylvania, USA

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