Rise and fall of multifragment emission

Ogilvie, C. A.; Adloff, J.C.; Begemann-Blaich, M.; Bouissou, P.; Hubele, J.; Immé, G.; Iori, I.; Kreutz, P.; Kunde, G. J.; Leray, S.; Lindenstruth, V.; Liu, Z; Lynen, U.; Meijer, R.J.; Milkau, Udo; Müller, W. F. J.; Ng, C. K.; Pochodzalla, J.; Raciti, G.; Rudolf, G.; Sann, H.; Schüttauf, A.; Seidel, W.; Stuttgé, L.; Trautmann, W.; Tucholski, A.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.67.1214

Cited by 266 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Heavy ion reactions at relativistic energies offer a wide range of possibilities to study the multi-fragment decay of highly excited nuclei [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. In collisions of heavy nuclei at incident energies exceeding values of about 100 MeV per nucleon [2], highly excited and equilibrated spectator systems are formed which decay by multifragmentation [9] in good agreement with statistical predictions [10,11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Breakup temperature of target spectators in 197Au + 197Au collisions at E/A = 1000 MeV

Odeh

Bassini

et al. 1997

Z Phys A - Particles and Fields

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Breakup temperatures were deduced from double ratios of isotope yields for target spectators produced in the reaction 197 The good agreement with the breakup temperatures measured previously for projectile spectators at an incident energy of 600 MeV per nucleon confirms the universality established for the spectator decay at relativistic bombarding energies. The measured temperatures also agree with the breakup temperatures predicted by the statistical multifragmentation model. For these calculations a relation between the initial excitation energy and mass was derived which gives good simultaneous agreement for the fragment charge correlations.The energy spectra of light charged particles, measured at θ lab = 150• , exhibit Maxwellian shapes with inverse slope parameters much higher than the breakup temperatures. The statistical multifragmentation model, because Coulomb repulsion and sequential decay processes are included, yields light-particle spectra with inverse slope parameters higher than the breakup temperatures but considerably below the measured values. The systematic behavior of the differences suggests that they are caused by light-charged-particle emission prior to the final breakup stage. Keywords:197 Au projectiles and targets, E/A = 600 and 1000 MeV; measured fragment cross sections, isotopic yield ratios; deduced breakup temperatures, pre-breakup emission; analysis using quantum statistical and statistical multifragmentation models.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Breakup temperature of target spectators in 197Au + 197Au collisions at E/A = 1000 MeV

Odeh

Bassini

et al. 1997

Z Phys A - Particles and Fields

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“…In the first experiments with the ALADIN spectrometer, performed with 197 Au beams of E/A = 600 MeV, it has manifested itself as an invariance of the observed patterns of projectile fragmentation with respect to the chosen target [1][2][3]. The mean number of projectile fragments produced as well as other observables characterizing the populated partition space were found to be the same for all targets, ranging from carbon to lead, if they were plotted as a function of Z bound .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Universality of spectator fragmentation at relativistic bombarding energies

et al. 1996

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Multi-fragment decays of 129 Xe, 197 Au, and 238 U projectiles in collisions with Be, C, Al, Cu, In, Au, and U targets at energies between E/A = 400 MeV and 1000 MeV have been studied with the ALADIN forward-spectrometer at SIS. By adding an array of 84 SiCsI(Tl) telescopes the solid-angle coverage of the setup was extended to θ lab = 16 • . This permitted the complete detection of fragments from the projectile-spectator source.The dominant feature of the systematic set of data is the Z bound universality that is obeyed by the fragment multiplicities and correlations. These observables are invariant with respect to the entrance channel if plotted as a function of Z bound , where Z bound is the sum of the atomic numbers Z i of all projectile fragments with Z i ≥ 2. No significant dependence on the bombarding energy nor on the target mass is observed. The dependence of the fragment multiplicity on the projectile mass follows a linear scaling law.The reasons for and the limits of the observed universality of spectator fragmentation are explored within the realm of the available data and with model studies. It is found that the universal properties should persist up to much higher bombarding energies than explored in this work and that they are consistent with universal features exhibited by the intranuclear cascade and statistical multifragmentation models.

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“…The Table IV. 400 MeV/nucleon Central Peripheral [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] [ [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] 800 MeV/nucleon Central Peripheral [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] [ [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] The rapidity distributions of baryons [21] could be used in order to infer some...…”

Section: The Model a Intrannclear Cascade (Inc) Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intranuclear cascade-percolation approach for protons and light fragments production in neon-niobium reactions at 400 and 800 MeV per nucleon

et al. 1993

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The results of intranuclear cascade calculations (ideal gas with two-body collisions and no mean field), complemented by a simple percolation procedure, are compared with experimental data on protons and light nuclear fragments (d, t, 'He, and He) measured in 400 and 800 MeV/nucleon Ne+Nb collisions using a large solid angle detector. The model reproduces quite well global experimental observables like nuclear fragment multiplicity distributions or production cross sections, and nuclear fragment to proton ratios. For rapidity distributions the best agreement occurs for peripheral reactions. Transverse momentum analysis confirms once again that the cascade, although being a microscopic approach, gives too small a collective Aow, the best agreement being reached for Z =2 nuclear fragments. Nevertheless these comparisons are encouraging for further improvements of the model. Moreover, such an approach is easy to extend to any other models that could calculate the nucleon phase space distribution after the compression stage of the reaction, when light nuclear fragments emitted at large angles are constructed from percolation. PACS number(s): 25.70.Pq

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Rise and fall of multifragment emission

Cited by 266 publications

References 16 publications

Breakup temperature of target spectators in 197Au + 197Au collisions at E/A = 1000 MeV

Breakup temperature of target spectators in 197Au + 197Au collisions at E/A = 1000 MeV

Universality of spectator fragmentation at relativistic bombarding energies

Intranuclear cascade-percolation approach for protons and light fragments production in neon-niobium reactions at 400 and 800 MeV per nucleon

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