Rise in Emergency Department Visits of Pediatric Patients for Renal Colic from 1999 to 2008

Trends in urological stone disease: a 5‐year update of hospital episode statistics

“…Figures are constant for people in the working age‐group, as well as for children. This is in contrast to data from the USA that suggests an increase in the stone incidence in the paediatric population .…”

Medical and dietary interventions for preventing recurrent urinary stones in children

“…In the US, there are over two million outpatient visits annually for renal colic (Pearle 2005). Studies have also found an 86% increase in emergency room visits secondary to kidney stones in children from 1999 to 2008 (Kairam 2013). There is a 27% to 50% risk of developing a recurrent stone within the first five years of the initial stone episode and approximately 70% of children who form stones will continue with recurrent stone disease during childhood and adulthood (Kocvara 1999;Milliner 1993).…”

Association between dietary pattern and metabolic disorders in children and adolescents with urolithiasis

“…The current evidence shows an increased incidence of UL in the pediatric population. 3 The association between UL and MD is frequent in this population, and the role of diet in the formation of kidney stones is suggested. 1 , 3 While it is well-known in adults, 15 the association between obesity and UL is still questioned among children and adolescents 16 and demands a more detailed investigation on the dietary pattern of this population.…”

“…In addition to the normal infectious factors and anatomic changes of the urinary tract, studies have demonstrated the crucial role of metabolic disorders (MD) in the genesis of approximately 90% of the pediatric UL. 1 , 3 Hypercalciuria, hypocitraturia, and hyperuricosuria are among the most studied MD. 3 …”