Risk analysis for cardiovascular complication based on the atherogenic index of plasma of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Medan, Indonesia

Amelia, Rina; Harahap, Juliandi; Lelo, Aznan; Wijaya, Hendri; Harahap, Novita Sari; Yamamoto, Zulham

doi:10.5114/fmpcr.2020.98242

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…27,28 Ultimately, small dense LDL-C leads to an increased risk for the development of CVD. [29][30][31] This study indicated that there was no relationship between the length of illness and age with ABI. The results were not in line with other studies that showed that age and length of illness affecting ABI, and that this risk increased in patients aged ≥50 years and a history of diabetes-associated atherosclerosis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

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Early detection of macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia: A cross-sectional study

et al. 2021

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Background: Macrovascular complications occur very frequently in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with a high mortality rate, due to the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as stroke, atherosclerosis acceleration, and atrial fibrillation. T2DM is a significant risk factor for CVD and has become the leading cause of death. The purpose of this study was to detect the early risk of macrovascular complications by using the ankle brachial index (ABI) as a marker. Methods: This study was an analytic study with a cross-sectional approach. The study population was patients with T2DM from several primary health care centers in Medan. In total, 89 subjects who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited with consecutive sampling. ABI was determined as the ratio of systolic blood pressure in the brachial artery to the posterior tibial artery after the subjects had been relaxed and felt comfortable in a supine position. Examination of vitamin D and lipid profile was derived from examination of venous blood. Data were processed using SPSS and analyzed with one-way ANOVA. Results: The study found that there was a relationship between LDL-C, triglyceride, and vitamin D (25OH-D) based on the ABI (p > 0.05). Conclusions: ABI can be used for an early detection of macrovascular complications. Apart from being easy to perform, ABI was non-invasive. Some other risk factors that can also be used to assess complications and have relationships with ABI were LDL-C, triglyceride, and vitamin D (25OH-D). Complications in T2DM patients can be prevented with reasonable blood sugar control and lifestyle changes. Education and motivation need to be given to patients so that they become more independent in controlling their disease and improving their quality of life.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“… 27 , 28 Ultimately, small dense LDL-C leads to an increased risk for the development of CVD. 29 – 31 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early detection of macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia: A cross-sectional study

et al. 2021

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“…In addition, mean BGL, Hba 1C , cholesterol, LDL, HDL and triglyceride levels were found to decrease after intensive physical activity for ≥ 75 minutes/ /week and ≥ 150 minutes/week [34,35]. Another supporting study stated that patients undergoing aerobic physical exercise for eight weeks obtained improved blood glucose control with significantly decreased FBGL and HbA 1C levels [36,37].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

The role of physical activity on glucose transporter-4, fasting blood glucose level and glycate hemoglobin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Medan, Indonesia

Amelia¹,

Harahap²,

Wijaya³

2021

fmpcr

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Background. Physical activity is essential to diabetic patients to improve insulin sensitivity so that diabetes can be well controlled.Objectives. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of physical activity on glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4), fasting blood glucose level (FBGL) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1C ) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Medan. Material and methods. The study design was analytic with a cross-sectional approach. The study population was T2DM patients, and the number of samples was 83 people who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The study protocol was approved by the research ethics committee at the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, and all participants willing to participate in the study signed written informed consent. The physical activity of T2DM patients was assessed by using a global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). The GLUT-4 level was assessed by using the Human GLUT-4 kit, which is ELISA method based. FBGL and HbA 1C levels were determined by using the Doronad affinity + Modified HPLC method. Data was analyzed by the one-way ANOVA statistic test and processed by using SpSS. Results. The results showed that physical activity affected the level of GLUT-4, FBGL and HbA 1C among T2DM patients. Conclusions. Medications and diet were not the main determinants of controlled BGL in diabetic patients. However, physical activity is one of the four-element points (education, dietary, physical activity, medicine) in diabetes management that must be implemented to achieve a better quality of life in diabetic patients.

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“…Vitamin D levels were found to be associated with Apo-A1, TC, HDL-C, and triglycerides, all of which are associated with diabetic CVD complications [9], [10]. Diabetes causes an increase in the release of free fatty acids (FFA) from insulin-resistant lipid cells, increasing the risk of dyslipidemia [11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serum Vitamin D Levels and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Complication in Diabetes

Amelia

Harahap

Wijaya

et al. 2021

Open Access Maced J Med Sci

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BACKGROUND: Diabetes is a significant contributor to dyslipidemia, which can contribute in cardiovascular complications. Vitamin D is crucial in preventing chronic metabolic diseases such as diabetes and heart disease (cardiovascular disease [CVD]). AIM: The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between Vitamin D levels and cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study is cross-sectional in nature. The study sampled 89 diabetic patients who met the study’s inclusion and exclusion criteria. After a 10 h fast, a venous blood test is performed to determine Vitamin D levels, apolipoprotein-A levels, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride levels. The data are analyzed using SPSS. The Pearson correlation test (p > 0.05) was used to determine the connection. RESULT: Vitamin D levels were found to correlate with Apo-A1, TC, HDL-C, and triglyceride levels (p = 0.05), but not with LDL-C levels (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Vitamin D supplementation may assist DMT2 patients minimize their chance of developing CVD problems.

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Risk analysis for cardiovascular complication based on the atherogenic index of plasma of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Medan, Indonesia

Cited by 8 publications

References 22 publications

Early detection of macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia: A cross-sectional study

Early detection of macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus in Medan, North Sumatera, Indonesia: A cross-sectional study

The role of physical activity on glucose transporter-4, fasting blood glucose level and glycate hemoglobin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Medan, Indonesia

Serum Vitamin D Levels and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Complication in Diabetes

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