Risk analysis of visceral pleural invasion in malignant solitary pulmonary nodules that appear touching the pleural surface

Abstract

Background: The preoperative determination of visceral pleural invasion (VPI) in patients with malignant solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs) is essential for determining the surgical range and selecting adjuvant chemotherapy. Objectives: This study aimed to systematically investigate risk factors of VPI in patients with SPN and construct a preoperative predictive model for such patients. Design: This is a retrospective study. The clinical, radiological, and pathological characteristics of study subjects were reviewed, and the groups with and without VPI were compared. Methods: Multivariate logistic analysis was utilized to identify independent risk factors for VPI. Moreover, a predictive nomogram was constructed to assess the likelihood of VPI occurrence. Results: Of the 364 enrolled cases, SPNs adjacent to the pleura with VPI were found in 110 (30.2%) patients. By incorporating four preoperative variables, including tumor diameter (>2 cm), maximum computed tomography value (>200 Hu), air bronchogram sign, and age, a preoperative predictive nomogram was constructed. The nomogram demonstrated good discriminative ability, with a C-index of 0.736 (95% CI (0.662–0.790)). Furthermore, our data indicated that the air bronchogram sign (odd ratio (OR) 1.81, 95% CI (0.99–3.89), p = 0.048), a maximum diameter >2 cm (OR 24.48, 95% CI (8.43–71.07), p < 0.001), pathological type (OR 5.01, 95% CI (2.61–9.64), p < 0.001), and Ki-67 >30% (OR 2.95, 95% CI (1.40–6.21), p = 0.004) were overall independent risk factors for VPI. Conclusion: This study investigated the risk factors for VPI in malignant SPNs touching the pleural surface. Additionally, a nomogram was developed to predict the likelihood of VPI in such patients, facilitating informed decision-making regarding surgical approaches and treatment protocols.