Risk and protective factors associated with suicidal ideation in veterans of Operations Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom

Physical comorbidities of post‐traumatic stress disorder in Australian Vietnam War veterans

“…Family and community support have also been associated with reductions in health problems including the severity of depression [134,139,141,167], symptoms of posttraumatic stress [41,71,111,134,139,141,167], alcohol dependence [134], and suicidal ideation [118,134,142]. Further, in reserve members, a lack of perceived military and non-military support has been associated with increased reporting of symptoms of posttraumatic stress, common mental disorders and alcohol misuse [83].…”

Reducing Barriers to Mental Health and Social Services for Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans: Outcomes of an Integrated Primary Care Clinic

“…The prevalence of mental health disorders has steadily increased: between 18.5% and 42% of OEF/OIF veterans are estimated to suffer from deployment-related mental health problems [2][3][4] . Further, mental health diagnoses in this population are typically comorbid with other mental and physical disorders [5][6][7][8] , resulting in a significant public health burden [9][10][11][12] . Despite population-based mental health screening by the military and VA 13 , most OEF/OIF veterans with mental health problems, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), do not access or receive an adequate course of mental health treatment 3,4,14,15 .…”

A controlled trial of individual cognitive behavior therapy for unipolar mood disorders with suicidal ideation outpatients: exploring risk and protective factors

“…Future studies in the area of risk and protective factors for suicidal behavior should look into getting sufficient sample size on suicide attempters in medical patients. In addition, future research should also explore into looking at other risk factors such as misuse of alcohol and substance (Cherpitel, Borges & Wilcox, 2004;Neeleman, 2001;Kaslow et al 2002;Pietrzak et al, 2010), severe negative life events, a history of child maltreatment, high levels of psychological distress and depression, hopelessness about the future (Kaslow et al 2002), life hassle , lacking a partner, previous suicide attempt, total time spent in major depressive episode (Sokero, et al, 2005) and psychosocial difficulties and 171 protective factors such as coping skills (Kaslow, 2002) which, had been studied extensively in the West. Research should also look into identifying risk and protective factors with other psychiatric illnesses such as borderline personality disorder (Pompili, Girardi & Ruberto, 2005), schizophrenia (Palmer, Pankratz & Bostwick, 2005) and PTSD (Pietrzak et al, 2010) which had been studied in the West.…”

“…In the Western literature, some of the factors which had been identified as the risk factors for suicidal behavior include having mood disorders (Wulsin, Vaillant & Wells, 1999;Sokero et al, 2005;Botswick & Pankratz, 2000;Pietrzak et., 2010), anxiety disorder (Kamath, 2007;, borderline personality disorder (Pompili, Girardi & Ruberto, 2005), schizophrenia (Palmer, Pankratz & Bostwick, 2005); PTSD (Pietrzak et al, 2010), hopelessness (Beck, Steer, Kovacs, & Garrison, 1985;Wetzel, 1976;Brown et al (2000); Malone et al 2000;Briton et al, 2008), misuse of alcohol and substance (Cherpitel, Borges & Wilcox, 2004;Neeleman, 2001;Kaslow et al 2002;Pietrzak et al, 2010), severe negative life events, a history of child maltreatment, high levels of psychological distress and depression, hopelessness about the future (Kaslow et al 2002), life hassle , lacking a partner, previous suicide attempt, total time spent in major depressive episode (Sokero, et al, 2005), psychosocial difficulties and lack of social support (Pietrzak, 2010). Meanwhile in Malaysia, based on literature review by Aishvarya et al, 2013, having depression (Peng & Chia, 1997;Azizul, 2001, Suziah, 2003, Type 2 diabetes mellitus (Ong, 2004), migraine (Tan, 2006), poor social support (Zuraida, 2000), history of previous suicide attempt (Suziah, 2003, Chan 2012, poor social network (Zuraida, 2000); follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (Ainsah, Norharlina & Osman, 2008), medical illness (Hamidin & Maniam 2011), severity of suicide ideation, recent life events and comorbid alcohol use …”

“…Reason for living (Malone et al, 2000;Oquendo et al,2005), hopefulness (Meadow et al 2005;Kaslow, 2002), social support (Everall, Altrows & Paulson, 2006;Kaslow et al, 2002;Kaslow et al 2005;Nisbet, 1996;Coker et al 2002;Donald et al, 2006;Meadows, 2005;Pietrzak, 2010), satisfaction with life (Koivumaa et al 2001(Koivumaa et al , 2003, self esteem (Lewinson et al, 1994, Kjelsber et al 1994, coping skills (Kaslow, 2002) were some of other protective factors for suicidal behavior which, had been studied extensively in the West. Meanwhile religious salience (Zuraida & Ahmad, 2007, Kannan 2010, Maisarah, 2008; being married (Hussain, 1997), having coping skills, responsibility to family (Kannan, 2010) and recent changes in personal habit (Chan, 2011) were the only protective factors for suicidal behavior, which had been studied so far in Malaysia (Aishvarya et al, 2013a).…”