Risk and protective factors related to youth firearm violence: a scoping review and directions for future research

Schmidt, Carissa J.; Rupp, Laney; Pizarro, Jesenia M.; Lee, Daniel B.; Branas, Charles C.; Zimmerman, Marc A.

doi:10.1007/s10865-019-00076-7

Cited by 81 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Such data will also allow for proper resource allocation and development of programs to improve organization and socioeconomic status of community members, both independent risk factors for gun violence. 42 There are several important limitations to our study. While the NIS database offers the advantage of providing national epidemiologic information on firearm-related injuries, it does not provide detailed, granular information about each patient.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Epidemiology of orthopaedic fractures due to firearms

Congiusta

Oettinger

Merchant

et al. 2021

Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma

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The majority of firearm injuries involve the extremities and have concomitant orthopaedic injuries. National data on the epidemiology of wounds caused by firearms may better inform physicians and identify areas of public health intervention. We conducted an analysis of a national database to describe the epidemiology of orthopaedic firearm injuries in the United States. The Nationwide Inpatient Sample 2001e2013 database was queried for adult patients with fractures excluding those of the skull using injury billing codes. Characterization of injury was determined using External Cause of Injury billing codes. Sociodemographic and geographic variables were reported. Chi square and multinomial logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of type of firearm implicated in injury. 334,212 firearm injuries were reported in the database and about half had concomitant orthopaedic fractures. Most patients were between the ages 19 and 29, were African American, and were male. The most frequent circumstance of injury was assault/homicide, the most common firearm used was a handgun, and the most common fracture site was the femur. Patients without insurance and patients of lower income were most commonly afflicted. Knowing this distribution of the burden of this class of injury provides the opportunity to identify and intervene on behalf of at-risk populations, potentially reducing injuries by promoting firearm safety to these groups and advocating sensible practices to reduce inequitable outcomes caused by these injuries.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Epidemiology of orthopaedic fractures due to firearms

Congiusta

Oettinger

Merchant

et al. 2021

Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma

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“…In this section, we draw on a framework for understanding health disparities developed by the NIH (Alvidrez et al, 2019) and apply developmental theory, including Bronfenbrenner’s biosocial ecological systems theory (Bronfenbrenner & Morris, 1998; see also Garbarino, 2001) in an effort to explain race‐ and place‐based disparities in youth firearm homicide and suicide. We focus on structural and sociocultural determinants at community and societal levels of influence in the social ecology, given gaps in research at these levels (Oliphant et al, 2019; Schmidt et al, 2019 ) . Thereafter, we discuss implications for firearm violence prevention and research to address racial disparities.…”

Section: Reducing Youth Firearm Violence With a Focus On Addressing Racial Disparitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By comparison, the second highest country’s rate is less than half as high (Yemen, 52.8 per 100), and Canada’s rate is only a third of the U.S. rate and is still ranked in the top 25 (34.7 per 100; Karp, 2018). Numerous international and U.S. studies, meta‐analyses, and systematic and scoping reviews have found that higher rates of firearm ownership and access are linked to higher firearm violence (Anglemyer, Horvath, & Rutherford, 2014; Monuteaux, Lee, Hemenway, Mannix, & Fleegler, 2015; Naghavi et al, 2018; Riddell, Harper, Cerdá, & Kaufman, 2018; Schmidt et al, 2019), including firearm homicide (Hepburn & Hemenway, 2004) and firearm suicide (Glenn et al, 2020; Knopov et al, 2019; Miller, Azrael, & Hemenway, 2013). Time trends similarly support this association, as the rate of firearm deaths in the United States increased in the years following both an increase in firearm manufacture and purchase rates (Goldstick, Zeoli, Mair, & Cunningham, 2019; Smith et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the reviews identified gaps in research important to advancing our understanding of firearm violence disparities. In particular, two of the reviews found that research examining differences in risk and protective factors for firearm carriage and firearm violence disproportionately focuses on the individual level, with less attention to other social‐ecological levels (Oliphant et al, 2019; Schmidt et al, 2019). These findings were consistent with statements by the National Institutes of Health (NIH), who have emphasized that structural and sociocultural domains across societal, community, and interpersonal levels of the social ecology are key determinants of health inequalities and are woefully under‐researched (Alvidrez, Castille, Laude‐Sharp, Rosario, & Tabor, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Annual Research Review: Youth firearm violence disparities in the United States and implications for prevention

Bottiani

Camacho

Johnson

et al. 2021

Child Psychology Psychiatry

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ObjectiveResearch has identified the United States (U.S.) as a global outlier in its firearm ownership rates, with a correspondingly higher risk of youth firearm violence compared to other countries. The relative extent of disparities in youth firearm violence within the U.S. has been less clear. Little is known about factors in the social ecology driving these disparities and whether current firearm violence prevention approaches sufficiently address them.MethodApplying a health disparities framework, we synthesized epidemiological, sociological, and prevention science literatures, emphasizing structural inequalities in youth sociocultural positionality in life course developmental context. We also highlighted findings from national injury data and other studies regarding the magnitude and impacts of youth firearm violence disparities.ResultsThe burden of firearm violence varied markedly at intersections of gender, race, place, developmental stage, and homicidal or suicidal intent. Firearm homicide among Black boys and young men (ages 15‐24) was at outlier levels ‐ many times greater than the rates of any other demographic group, developmental stage, or violence intent, particularly in urban settings. Recent research has operationalized structural racism and implicated historically racialized spaces as a root cause of this disparity. In contrast, elevated firearm suicide rates were found among Native and White boys and young men in rural settings; firearm‐related cultural attitudes and gender socialization were points of consideration to explain these disparities. We highlighted research‐based youth firearm violence preventive interventions, and emphasized gaps in efforts focused on structural and sociocultural factors.ConclusionsMore explicit attention to reducing firearm homicide among Black boys and young men and firearm suicide among Native and rural White boys and young men is urgently needed and has potential to substantially lower overall rates of firearm violence in the U.S.

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“…Researchers studying the risk factors for gun carrying generally focus on characteristics about the individual (e.g., history of aggression/illegal activity; impulsivity) or the context to which the individual is exposed (e.g., victimization; peer delinquency; for reviews, see Oliphant et al, 2019;Schmidt et al, 2019). Studies examining developmental change in gun carrying generally find that gun carrying tends to be less stable and more episodic than other illegal behavior (Dong & Wiebe, 2018;Steinman & Zimmerman, 2003), and that the prevalence of gun carrying and gun violence generally peak during the early 20 s (Beardslee et al, 2018;Pardini et al, 2020).…”

Section: Potential Explanations For Gun Carrying During Adolescence and Young Adulthoodmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Within-Individual Examination of the Predictors of Gun Carrying During Adolescence and Young Adulthood Among Young Men

Beardslee

Kan

Simmons

et al. 2021

J Youth Adolescence

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Although prior studies have identified several risk factors for gun carrying, no prior longitudinal studies have examined a comprehensive set of explanatory factors together in within-individual change models or examined whether the predictors of gun carrying change across adolescence and early young adulthood. The present study fills these gaps by examining the predictive utility of several risk factors for gun carrying, and by examining whether any of the associations vary by age. The sample included 1216 young men who were arrested for the first time during adolescence (approximately 15 years old) and interviewed regularly for 5 years (until approximately 20 years old) after the first arrest. The outcome was youth-self-reported gun carrying and the risk factors included several variables consistent with various explanations for gun carrying (psychosocial maturity deficits; antisocial behavioral style; socialization; victimization). Research questions were addressed with fixed effects dynamic panel models (within-individual change models). Results showed that the most robust predictors of gun carrying were increased exposure to guns and gun-related violence and increased engagement in other antisocial and illegal behavior. The results emphasize the specific etiology of gun carrying and the potential social contagion effect of gun-related events. Overall, the study points to the need for prevention and intervention programs to specifically target the reduction of the real and perceived prevalence of gun-related events in young men’s lives.

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Risk and protective factors related to youth firearm violence: a scoping review and directions for future research

Cited by 81 publications

References 41 publications

Epidemiology of orthopaedic fractures due to firearms

Epidemiology of orthopaedic fractures due to firearms

Annual Research Review: Youth firearm violence disparities in the United States and implications for prevention

A Within-Individual Examination of the Predictors of Gun Carrying During Adolescence and Young Adulthood Among Young Men

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