Risk Assessment and Comparisons: An Introduction

Abstract

Risk assessment is presented as a way of examining risks so that they may be better avoided, reduced, or otherwise managed. Risk implies uncertainty, so that risk assessment is largely concerned with uncertainty and hence with a concept of probability that is hard to grasp. The results of even the simplest risk assessments need to be compared with similar assessments of commonplace situations to give them some meaning. We compare and contrast some risk estimates to display their similarities and differences.

Biomarkers responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida to acetochlor exposure in OECD soil

“…A main objective in ecotoxicological work is to provide information to estimate ecological risk (Wilson and Crouch, 1987). Biomarkers as tools for risk assessment purposes depend largely on the choice of biomarkers assay, which should both be sensitive and reflect the relevant ecological effect of toxicity.…”

Risk communication, the West Nile virus epidemic, and bioterrorism: responding to the communication challenges posed by the intentional or unintentional release of a pathogen in an urban setting

“…[28][29][30] First, it is important to collect and evaluate empirical information obtained through surveys, focus groups, or interviews about stakeholder judgments of each of the risk perception factors (particularly trust, benefits, control, fairness, and dread). Sustained interaction and exchange of information with stakeholders about identified areas of concern are also necessary.…”

Vexing nature?: on the ethical case against agricultural biotechnology

“…The farmers are relatively young, with an average age of 44, and they are, on the whole, quite content, because there is much good work to do on their farms, and because there is a future on their farms for their children. 102 The Amish are not our only examples of good farming, and Berry recommends that we look for a diversity of approaches to good farming. He commends all farmers who practice non-degradatory agriculture.…”

“…Most of the chemicals banned in the US have never been proven to be carcinogenic to humans. 102 They have been proven to cause cancer to lab animals when administered in large doses over a long period. Whether the chemicals actually constitute a threat to humans is another matter.…”