Risk assessment due to dermal exposure of trace elements and indigo dye in jeans: Migration to artificial sweat

Herrero, Marta; Rovira, Joaquim; Nadal, Martí; Domingo, José L.

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.030

Cited by 37 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The current results agree with those of other studies, focused on other chemicals [ 59 ]. In a previous investigation, significantly higher copper values were found in eco-labelled jeans than in conventional items [ 6 ]. However, it should be taken into account that the garments here analysed are brand new.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Therefore, these substances can be associated with skin adverse effects such as allergies, dermatitis, sensitisation, or reduction of microflora, among others [ 2 , 3 , 4 ]. The variety of substances used in the textile industry includes, among others, toxic metals [ 5 , 6 , 7 ], flame retardants [ 8 ], pesticides [ 9 , 10 ], dyes [ 6 , 11 ], and plasticisers [ 12 ]. Some of these substances are used to improve and make the manufacturing process more efficient [ 13 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To date, research has mainly focused on the quantification of chemicals rather than their possible release from textiles. However, once substances are released from textiles, they can be absorbed through the skin, causing potential systemic and/or carcinogenic effects [ 6 , 18 , 19 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early-Life Exposure to Formaldehyde through Clothing

Herrero

González

Rovira

et al. 2022

Toxics

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Clothes contain a wide range of chemicals, some of them potentially hazardous. Recently, there has been a growing interest in eco-friendly clothing, including the use of organic cotton. However, the process of eco-friendly fabric production does not exclude the use of toxic substances, such as formaldehyde, a known human carcinogen. The present investigation was aimed at determining the presence of formaldehyde in eco-friendly and conventional clothing of pregnant women, babies, and toddlers from the Catalan (Spain) market. The potential effects of washing were also investigated by comparing the reduction of formaldehyde in unwashed and washed clothing. Formaldehyde was detected in 20% of samples, with a mean level of 8.96 mg/kg. Formaldehyde levels were surprisingly higher in eco-friendly than in regular garments (10.4 vs. 8.23 mg/kg). However, these differences were only significant (p < 0.05) for bras (11.6 vs. 7.46 mg/kg) and panties (27.1 vs. 6.38 mg/kg) of pregnant women. Dermal exposure and health risks were assessed for three vulnerable population groups: pregnant women, babies, and toddlers. In general, exposure was higher in babies (up to 1.11×10−3 mg/kg/day) than in other groups (2.58×10−4 and 4.50×10−3 mg/kg/day in pregnant women and toddlers, respectively). However, both non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks were below the safety limits (<1 and < 10−5, respectively) according to national regulations. Notwithstanding, although formaldehyde levels were below the legal limits (< 75 mg/kg) and health risks were within acceptable ranges, clothing may contain other toxic substances in addition to formaldehyde, thus increasing the risks. Finally, since no formaldehyde was detected in washed textile samples, a safe and simple practice for the consumers is to wash clothing before the first use.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Early-Life Exposure to Formaldehyde through Clothing

Herrero

González

Rovira

et al. 2022

Toxics

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“…Indigo is safe for human health and is not harmful to the environment, which are essential conditions for wide application [ 10 ]. Poorly purified indigo is employed in tattoos [ 11 ], and in the context of its use in the textile industry, there have been no traceable negative physiological effects caused by permanent skin contact [ 12 ]. In the environment, indigo is a natural metabolic product of plants on all continents, and has no negative specific bioactive effects for concentrations up to 1300 mg/m 2 [ 13 , 14 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indigo—A New Tribological Substance Class for Non-Toxic and Ecological Gliding Surfaces on Ice, Snow, and Water

Bützer¹,

Brühwiler

Bützer³

et al. 2022

Materials

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The biogenic substance E-indigo can form supramolecular, hydrophobic structures using self-organization. These structures show a low coefficient of friction as a gliding layer against polar surfaces. The formation of primary particles with platelet morphology based on hydrogen-bonded E-indigo molecules is ideal to produce the gliding layer. Structures with excellent gliding properties can be achieved by means of directed friction and high pressure, as well as through tempering. The resulting hard, thin gliding layer of E-indigo does not easily absorb dirt and, thus, prevents a rapid increase in friction. Field tests on snow, with cross-country skis, have shown promising results in comparison to fluorinated and non-fluorinated waxes. Based on quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) data for E-indigo, and its isomers and tautomers, it has been demonstrated that both the application and abrasion of the thin indigo layers are harmless to health, and are ecologically benign and, therefore, sustainable.

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“…The interest in investigating the chemical composition of textiles has often been driven by toxicological considerations. To this end, the possible human toxicological effects are essentially studied by mimicking the release of chemical elements in various physiological extractants (Rovira et al, 2017;Herrero et al, 2019;Kawakami et al, 2020;Biver et al, 2021). More recently, research on the possible deleterious effects of textiles in the environment has been fuelled by their potential to form synthetic microfibres.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%