Risk Assessment of Aluminum in Drinking Water between Two Residential Areas

Abstract

A cross-sectional study was conducted at Sungai Lembing (SL) and Bukit Ubi (BU), Kuantan, Malaysia. The main objectives of this epidemiological study were to determine the aluminum concentration in drinking water, to compare with the government standard and to perform health risk assessment prediction among respondents from these two residential areas. A total of 100 respondents were selected from the study areas based on a few inclusive and exclusive criteria. Two duplicates of treated water samples were taken from each respondent's house using a 200 mL high-density polyethylene (HDPE) bottle and 0.4 mL (69%) pure concentrated nitric acid added as preservative. Aluminum concentrations were analyzed using Lambda 25 UV/V spectrophotometer. The result showed that the mean concentration of aluminum in drinking water from SL was 0.11 ± 0.0634 mg/L and 0.12 ± 0.0462 mg/L for BU. The mean value of Chronic Daily Intake (CDI) in SL (0.0035 ± 0.0028 mg/kg/day) was lower compared to BU (0.0037 ± 0.0021 mg/kg/day). The Hazard Index (HI) calculation showed all respondents had HI less than 1. In conclusion, there was unlikely potential for adverse health effects from aluminum intake in drinking water. However, it was necessary for some action to be taken in order to reduce aluminum levels found in drinking water in both locations.

Deposition behavior of residual aluminum in drinking water distribution system: Effect of aluminum speciation

“…For example, bone disorders were testified to be related with aluminum among dialysis dependent patients (Dahl et al, 2014). Additionally, aluminum accumulated in humans may cause severe nervous system diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Parkinson's dementia (Dzulfakar et al, 2011).…”

Drinking water studies: A review on heavy metal, application of biomarker and health risk assessment (a special focus in Malaysia)

“…This information is very important for decision makers to set up policies or regulations to protect population’s health [ 103 , 104 ]. Only few drinking water studies in Malaysia have applied HRA in their studies [ 51 , 52 , 55 – 57 ]. HRA of heavy metal ingestion pathway through drinking water may not receive attention in Malaysia due to the low levels of heavy metal in drinking water [ 10 , 45 , 55 , 56 , 67 ].…”

Association between aluminum and silicon concentrations in Isfahan drinking water and their health risk assessments

“…Where, CDI (mg/kg/day), C is the Al concentration in water (mg/l), DI is an average daily intake rate of Al from drinking water (2 l/day) taken from study of Dzulfakar et al .,[ 21 ] and BW is adults body weight based on the Iranian average body weight (60 kg). [ 2 ]…”