Risk Assessment of Exposure to Trans Fat in Canada

Krenosky, Sara; L’Abbé, Mary R.; Lee, Nora; Underhill, Lynne; Vigneault, Michel; Godefroy, Samuel Benrejeb; Ratnayake, Nimal

doi:10.5772/56127

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Although trans fatty acids were not the focus of this study, the observation that the RBC contained only a small amount of 9t-16:1 (a characteristic trans fatty acid of dairy fats) and had no trans isomers of oleic and linoleic acids (typical trans fatty acids of partially hydrogenated oils) supports our previous findings which showed that Canadian foods, the current Canadian diet [51,52] and Canadian human milk contained very little trans fatty acids [53]. These low levels of dietary trans fats are the result of the industry's efforts to replace partially hydrogenated oils with liquid vegetable oils in the preparation of prepackaged foods and restaurant fast foods.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

EPA and DHA Status of South Asian and White Canadians Living in the National Capital Region of Canada

Nagasaka

Gagnon

Swist

et al. 2014

Lipids

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To minimize the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), most dietary guidelines have recommended consuming 500 mg/day of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or two servings of oily fish/week. The sum of percent EPA and DHA in red blood cell (RBC) total fatty acids-termed the omega-3 index-has been proposed as a biomarker for assessing the risk of death from CVD. The omega-3 indices of ≤4, >4 to <8 and ≥8 % have been proposed to be associated with high, intermediate and low CVD risks, respectively. In this study, we determined the EPA + DHA intake level and the omega-3 index of South Asian Canadians (SAC; n = 308) and white Canadians (WC; n = 341) age 20-79 years living in the National Capital Region of Canada. The mean EPA + DHA intake levels were 569 ± 571 mg/day for SAC and 684 ± 865 mg/day for WC and 46 % of SAC and 43 % of WC met the recommended EPA + DHA intake level of 500 mg/day. The mean omega-3 indices were 6.6 and 5.9 % for SAC and WC respectively. The suggested cardio-protective target level for the omega-3 index of ≥8 % was observed only in 19.8 % of SAC and in 9.4 % of WC subjects. The majority of the participants (74.4 % of SAC and 82.7 % of WC) were in the >4 to <8 % range. These results suggest that although study participants' dietary intake of EPA + DHA is adequate, this intake was not sufficient to provide an omega-3 index that is considered cardio-protective.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 86%

EPA and DHA Status of South Asian and White Canadians Living in the National Capital Region of Canada

Nagasaka

Gagnon

Swist

et al. 2014

Lipids

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“…The 59th session of the WHO Regional Committee for the Eastern Mediterranean (2012) adopted the resolution EM/RC59/R.2, thus endorsing the regional Framework for Action on the commitments of Member States to implement the United Nations Political Declaration on Non-Communicable Diseases [ 1 ]. In its EM/RC59/R.2 resolution, the WHO EMRO urged the Member States to implement the core set of interventions in the regional Framework for Action, with these interventions including the reduction of the population’s salt intake levels and the replacement of trans fat with polyunsaturated fat [ 69 , 70 , 71 ]. Halt diabetes and obesity : WHO EMRO is working closely with governments to achieve the seventh global target of the Global strategy on diet, physical activity and health that aims to halt the rise in diabetes and obesity [ 5 ].…”

Section: Regional Strategies To Reduce Fat (Total Fat Sfas and Tfasmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fat Intake Reduction Strategies among Children and Adults to Eliminate Obesity and Non-Communicable Diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Jawaldeh

Al-Jawaldeh

2018

Children

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Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of mortality globally with an estimated 39.5 million deaths per year (72% of total death) in 2016, due to the four major NCDs: cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes. In the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), almost 68% of all deaths are attributed to NCDs commonly known as chronic or lifestyle-related diseases. Two-thirds of NCD premature deaths are linked to 4 shared modifiable behavioral risk factors: tobacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and harmful use of alcohol. These unhealthy behaviours lead to 4 key metabolic/biological changes; raised blood pressure, overweight/obesity, high blood glucose levels/diabetes, and hyperlipidemia (high levels of fat in the blood), that increase the risk of NCDs. Globally, countries are already working towards agreed global goals on maternal and infant nutrition and on the prevention of NCDs. In both fields the goals include halting the increase in overweight and obesity and reducing NCD diet-related risk factors including reducing saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and trans fatty acids (TFAs) intake. The objective of this review is to present an up-to-date overview of the current fat (SFAs and TFAs) intake reduction initiatives in countries of the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) by highlighting national and regional programs, strategies and activities aiming at decreasing the intakes of dietary fat (SFA and TFA). The literature review shows that the average intake of SFA is estimated to be 10.3% of the total energy intake (EI), exceeding the WHO (World Health Organization) upper limit of 10%. The average TFA intake is estimated at 1.9% EI, which also exceeds the WHO upper limit of 1% EI. The highest SFAs intake was reported from Djibouti, Kuwait, Saudi-Arabia, Lebanon and Yemen, while the highest TFAs intakes were reported from Egypt and Pakistan. If countries of the EMR receive immediate public health attention, that toll of NCD-related morbidity and mortality would be considerably decreased through the implantation of evidence-based preventive interventions. In this context, reductions in SFAs and TFAs intakes have been highlighted as cost-effectives strategies that may hamper the growth of the NCD epidemic.

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“…In comparison, the success of voluntary trans fat reduction in the Canadian food supply is largely attributable to Health Canada's Trans Fat Monitoring Program, which conducted planned, periodic analysis and public reporting of the trans fat content in foods (Ratnayake et al 2009a(Ratnayake et al , 2009bKrenosky et al 2012). A recent assessment found that 97% of Canadian packaged and restaurant foods fall within the recommended trans fat limits (Arcand et al 2014b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examination of food industry progress in reducing the sodium content of packaged foods in Canada: 2010 to 2013

Arcand

Jefferson

Schermel

et al. 2016

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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Abstract:In 2010, as part of a national sodium reduction strategy, Canada published sodium reduction benchmark targets for packaged foods; however, no evaluation of this policy has occurred. The objective was to evaluate changes in the sodium content of packaged foods, identify categories reduced in sodium, and determine the proportion meeting Health Canada's sodium reduction benchmarks. This was a cross-sectional analysis of Canadian packaged foods in 2010 and 2013 (n = 10 487 and n = 15 394, respectively). Sodium content was obtained from the Nutrition Facts table. Overall, 16.2% of food categories had significantly reduced sodium levels. The greatest shifts in the distribution of sodium within food categories occurred in imitation seafood (mean ± SD, mg/100 g; 602 ± 50 to 444 ± 81, 26.2%, p = 0.002), condiments (1309 ± 790 to 1048 ± 620, 19.9%, p = 0.005), breakfast cereals (375 ± 26 to 301 ± 242, 19.7%, p = 0.001), canned vegetables/legumes (269 ± 156 to 217 ± 180, 19.3%, p < 0.001), plain chips (462 ± 196 to 376 ± 198, 18.6% p = 0.004), hot cereals (453 ± 141 to 385 ± 155, 15.0%, p = 0.011), meat analogues (612 ± 226 to 524 ± 177, 14.4%, p = 0.003), canned condensed soup (291 ± 62 to 250 ± 57, 14.1%, p = 0.003), and sausages and wieners (912 ± 219 to 814 ± 195, 10.7%, p = 0.012). The proportion of foods meeting at least 1 of the 3 phases of the sodium reduction benchmark targets slightly increased (51.4% to 58.2%) and the proportion exceeding maximum benchmark levels decreased (25.2% to 20.8%). These data provide a critical evaluation of changes in sodium levels in the Canadian food supply. Although progress in reducing sodium in packaged foods is evident, the food industry needs to continue efforts in reducing the sodium in the foods they produce.Key words: sodium, sodium reduction, food supply, food industry, diet, policy.Résumé : En 2010, dans le cadre de la stratégie nationale de réduction de sodium, le Canada a publié des repères pour la réduction des teneurs en sodium dans les aliments transformés; toutefois, cette politique n'a pas fait l'objet d'une évaluation. Cette étude a pour objectif d'évaluer les modifications de la teneur en sodium dans les aliments transformés, d'identifier les catégories d'aliments concernés et de déterminer la proportion se conformant aux repères de réduction en sodium selon Santé Canada. L'étude consiste en une analyse transversale des aliments transformés au Canada en 2010 et en 2013 (n = 10 487 et n = 15 394, respectivement). Le contenu en sodium provient des tableaux de la valeur nutritive des produits. Globalement, 16,2 % des catégories d'aliments présentent des teneurs significativement réduites en sodium. Les plus grandes modifications de la répar-tition du sodium sont dans les simili-fruits de mer (moyenne ± écart-type, mg/100g; 602 ± 50 à 444 ± 81, 26,2 %, p = 0,002), les condiments (1309 ± 790 à 1048 ± 620, 19,9 %, p = 0,005), les céréales pour petits déjeuners (375 ± 26 à 301 ± 242, 19,7 %, p = 0,001), les légumes/légumineuses en conserve (269 ± 156 à 217 ± 180,...

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Risk Assessment of Exposure to Trans Fat in Canada

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

EPA and DHA Status of South Asian and White Canadians Living in the National Capital Region of Canada

EPA and DHA Status of South Asian and White Canadians Living in the National Capital Region of Canada

Fat Intake Reduction Strategies among Children and Adults to Eliminate Obesity and Non-Communicable Diseases in the Eastern Mediterranean Region

Examination of food industry progress in reducing the sodium content of packaged foods in Canada: 2010 to 2013

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