Risk assessment of flavivirus transmission in Namibia

Noden, Bruce H.; Musuuo, Milka; Aku-Akai, Larai; Colf, Berta van der; Chipare, Israel; Wilkinson, Rob

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.05.010

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…For example, much of sub-Saharan Africa is predicted to be suitable for Ae . albopictus , but records remain patchy [ 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 ]. Since the worldwide records of each species were compiled, new studies in Africa have reported Ae.…”

Section: Range and Distribution Of Aedes Vectormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aedes Mosquitoes and Aedes-Borne Arboviruses in Africa: Current and Future Threats

Weetman

Kamgang

Badolo

et al. 2018

IJERPH

196

203

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The Zika crisis drew attention to the long-overlooked problem of arboviruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes in Africa. Yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya and Zika are poorly controlled in Africa and often go unrecognized. However, to combat these diseases, both in Africa and worldwide, it is crucial that this situation changes. Here, we review available data on the distribution of each disease in Africa, their Aedes vectors, transmission potential, and challenges and opportunities for Aedes control. Data on disease and vector ranges are sparse, and consequently maps of risk are uncertain. Issues such as genetic and ecological diversity, and opportunities for integration with malaria control, are primarily African; others such as ever-increasing urbanization, insecticide resistance and lack of evidence for most control-interventions reflect problems throughout the tropics. We identify key knowledge gaps and future research areas, and in particular, highlight the need to improve knowledge of the distributions of disease and major vectors, insecticide resistance, and to develop specific plans and capacity for arboviral disease surveillance, prevention and outbreak responses.

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Section: Range and Distribution Of Aedes Vectormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since the worldwide records of each species were compiled, new studies in Africa have reported Ae. aegypti in Ghana [ 51 ], Mozambique [ 55 ] and Namibia [ 59 ], and Ae. albopictus in Mali [ 57 ], Morocco [ 39 ], Mozambique [ 50 ] and São Tomé and Príncipe [ 62 ].…”

Section: Range and Distribution Of Aedes Vectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Aedes Mosquitoes and Aedes-Borne Arboviruses in Africa: Current and Future Threats

Weetman

Kamgang

Badolo

et al. 2018

IJERPH

196

203

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“…A recent survey in six locations across Windhoek determined the presence of A. aegypti in most low-income areas where veterinary contact is not normally available to affected animals and where the possibilities could exist for higher risk of transmission to humans (Noden et al . 2014a ).…”

Section: Filarial Nematodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vector-borne diseases of small companion animals in Namibia: Literature review, knowledge gaps and opportunity for a One Health approach

Noden

Soni²

2015

J. S. Afr. Vet. Assoc.

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Namibia has a rich history in veterinary health but little is known about the vector-borne diseases that affect companion dogs and cats. The aim of this review is to summarise the existing published and available unpublished literature, put it into a wider geographical context, and explore some significant knowledge gaps. To date, only two filarial pathogens (Dirofilaria repens and Acanthocheilonema dracunculoides) and three tick-borne pathogens (Babesia canis vogeli, Hepatozoon canis and Ehrlichia canis) have been reported. Most studies have focused solely on dogs and cats in the urban Windhoek and surrounding areas, with almost nothing reported in rural farming areas, in either the populous northern regions or the low-income urban areas where animal owners have limited access to veterinary services. With the development of several biomedical training programmes in the country, there is now an excellent opportunity to address zoonotic vector-borne diseases through a One Health approach so as to assess the risks to small companion animals as well as diseases of public health importance.

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“…In the 1980s, rates of 29% WNV and 5% WSLV seroprevalence were recorded by hemagglutination inhibition assays in the same region [43], and WNV was detected in a febrile patient in Namibia's Ovamboland in 1989 [44]. Since independence in 1990, only one mosquito-borne arbovirus surveillance study was conducted in Namibia, focusing on the hot and semi-arid central region of the country, with a seroprevalence rate not exceeding 8% against flaviviruses reported in human sera by ELISA testing [45]. Yet since the 1980s, no comparable data has been gathered for the rather densely populated, semi-tropical regions in the north of the country [45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since independence in 1990, only one mosquito-borne arbovirus surveillance study was conducted in Namibia, focusing on the hot and semi-arid central region of the country, with a seroprevalence rate not exceeding 8% against flaviviruses reported in human sera by ELISA testing [45]. Yet since the 1980s, no comparable data has been gathered for the rather densely populated, semi-tropical regions in the north of the country [45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous circulation of two West Nile virus lineage 2 clades and Bagaza virus in the Zambezi region, Namibia

et al. 2021

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Flaviviruses include a great diversity of mosquito-borne arboviruses with epidemic potential and high global disease burden. Several flaviviruses are circulating in southern Africa affecting humans and livestock, among them West Nile virus (WNV) and Wesselsbron virus. Despite their high relevance, no arbovirus surveillance study has been conducted for more than 35 years in Namibia. In this study we assessed the diversity of flaviviruses circulating in mosquitoes in the densely populated, semi-tropical Zambezi region of north-eastern Namibia. In total, 10,206 mosquitoes were sampled in Bwabwata and Mudumu national parks and Mashi and Wuparo conservancies and screened for flavivirus infections. A high infection rate with insect-specific flaviviruses was found with 241 strains of two previously known and seven putative novel insect-specific flaviviruses. In addition, we identified ten strains of WNV in the main vector Cx. univittatus sampled in the Mashi conservancy. Surprisingly, the strains fell into two different clades of lineage 2, 2b and 2d. Further, three strains of Bagaza Virus (BAGV) were found in Cx. univittatus mosquitoes originating from Mudumu national park. Assessment of BAGV growth in different cell lines showed high replication rates in mosquito and duck cells and about 100,000fold lower replication in human, primate and rodent cells. We demonstrate a wide genetic diversity of flaviviruses is circulating in mosquitoes in the Zambezi region. Importantly, WNV and BAGV can cause outbreaks including severe disease and mortality in humans and birds, respectively. Future studies should focus on WNV and BAGV geographic distribution, as well as on their potential health impacts in and the associated social and economic implications for southern Africa.

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Risk assessment of flavivirus transmission in Namibia

Cited by 9 publications

References 40 publications

Aedes Mosquitoes and Aedes-Borne Arboviruses in Africa: Current and Future Threats

Aedes Mosquitoes and Aedes-Borne Arboviruses in Africa: Current and Future Threats

Vector-borne diseases of small companion animals in Namibia: Literature review, knowledge gaps and opportunity for a One Health approach

Simultaneous circulation of two West Nile virus lineage 2 clades and Bagaza virus in the Zambezi region, Namibia

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