Risk assessment of heavy metals and salts for human and irrigation consumption of groundwater in Qambar city: a case study

Abstract

The study investigated the water quality of groundwater for consumption of human beings and irrigation of taluka Qamber district Qamber-Shahdadkot, Sindh, Pakistan. A total of 21 representative groundwater samples were collected mostly used for human consumption. According to the research work, 81% samples were not suitable for drinking purpose with TDS above the maximum permissible limit of WHO (1000 mg/L). The pH, total phosphate-P, orth ophosphate-P, nitrate-N, nitrite-N, and arsenic were within WHO limits. The concentrations of essential metals more than half samples were higher than WHO guideline. The concentrations of trace metals like Mn, Fe, Co, and Cu of all samples were within WHO limits, but the values of Cr and Ni 52.38%, Cd 57.14%, and Pb 28.57% were above the WHO limits. The concentrations of fluoride in 81% were higher than permissible limits of WHO. The high consumption of water with concentration of salts and fluoride above the permissible limits may be a leading factor of a number of diseases in the area. The water quality determined for irrigation based on Kelly index (KI), sodium percentage (Na%), chloride-sulfate ratio, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), permeability index (PI), chloro alkaline indices1 (CAI-1), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), and chloride bicarbonate ratio indicated that 25-90% samples were suitable for irrigation purposes.

Minerals content in different types of local and branded honey in Sindh, Pakistan

“…The elements Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cr, Co, Ni, Mn, Zn, Pb, Fe, Cu and Cd were examined using (Perkin Elmer AA-800, Singapore) flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer (FAAS) at mentioned conditions by manufacturer. The minerals examination was measured in triplicate (n = 3) with delay time 4 s and integration time 4 s (Lanjwani et al., 2019; Pohl., et at., 2017). Instrument (FAAS) was controlled by the Win Lab software with computer (Table 2).…”

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Drinking Water in Coastal Area of Taluka Keti Bandar, Sindh, Pakistan: A Case Study

“…12). A similar study reported higher values of water quality parameters of drinking water of Qamber-Shahdad District [43].…”

Analisis Performa Karbon Aktif Kulit Bawang Merah (Allium Cepa Skin) Terhadap Perubahan Karakteristik Limbah Air Accu

“…Sejauh ini, air tanah masih sangat banyak dijumpai penggunaannya [5] sebagai suplay kebutuhan harian manusia [6]. Media yang digunakan dapat berupa sumur tanah [7] maupun sumur bor [8].…”