Risk assessment of PBDEs and PAHs in house dust in Kocaeli, Turkey: levels and sources

Abstract

Indoor dust samples were collected from 40 homes in Kocaeli, Turkey and were analyzed simultaneously for 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and 16 poly aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) isomers. The total concentrations of PBDEs (ΣPBDEs) ranged from 29.32 to 4790 ng g, with a median of 316.1 ng g, while the total indoor dust concentrations of 16 PAHs (ΣPAHs) extending over three to four orders of magnitude ranged from 85.91 to 40,359 ng g with a median value of 2489 ng g. Although deca-PBDE products (BDE-209) were the principal source of PBDEs contamination in the homes (median, 138.3 ng g), the correlation in the homes was indicative of similar sources for both the commercial penta and deca-PBDE formulas. The PAHs diagnostic ratios indicated that the main sources of PAHs measured in the indoor samples could be coal/biomass combustion, smoking, and cooking emissions. For children and adults, the contributions to ∑PBDEs exposure were approximately 93 and 25 % for the ingestion of indoor dust, and 7 and 75 % for dermal contact. Exposure to ∑PAHs through dermal contact was the dominant route for both children (90.6 %) and adults (99.7 %). For both groups, exposure by way of inhalation of indoor dust contaminated with PBDEs and PAHs was negligible. The hazard index (HI) values for BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153, and BDE-209 were lower than the safe limit of 1, and this result suggested that none of the population groups would be likely to experience potential health risk due to exposure to PBDEs from indoor dust in the study area. Considering only ingestion + dermal contact, the carcinogenic risk levels of both B2 PAHs and BDE-209 for adults were 6.2 × 10 in the US EPA safe limit range while those for children were 5.6 × 10 and slightly higher than the US EPA safe limit range (1 × 10 and 1 × 10). Certain precautions should be considered for children.

Health Risks of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) and Metals at Informal Electronic Waste Recycling Sites

“…The same pattern of exposure risks are revealed for metal exposure: Dermal contact, followed by ingestion, while exposure via inhalation is negligble (dermal contact > ingestion > inhalation). This finding is consistent with a similar study on e -waste sites reported by Civan and Kara 2016 [56] and review studies by Song et al, 2015 [57]. The health risk for the metals were much more pronouced than those for PBDEs.…”

“…It is crucial that e -waste workers are educated on the potential health risks peculiar to their jobs and the safety measures to be undertaken. It is also important to note that non- e -waste workers, residents, and children around the e -waste sites are very likely to also be at risk of adverse health effects from informal e -waste recycling as also pointed out by References [15,56,57,60]. The other informal non- e -waste workers around the e -waste recycling vicinity have similar socio-demographics and work conditions [61], hence they are likely to be exposed to similar health risks like the e -waste workers.…”

Analysis and Evaluation of Contamination Status of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Settled House and Road Dust Samples from Hanoi

“…Nồng độ PAHs trong mẫu bụi trong nhà ở Hà Nội thấp hơn đáng kể so với một số khu vực ở Trung Quốc với nguồn phát thải đặc thù như khu dân cư gần đường vận chuyển dầu diesel ở Nantou, Đài Loan (trung vị 107.400, khoảng 16.000-580.000 ng/g) [25] hay các nhà dân sử dụng than đá làm nhiên liệu đốt chủ đạo ở Qingyang, tây bắc Trung Quốc (trung vị 21.000, khoảng 8450-121.000 ng/g) [26]. Hàm lượng PAHs trong các mẫu bụi trong nhà của nghiên cứu này phù hợp với khoảng nồng độ đo được trong mẫu bụi tại các nước đang phát triển khác như Saudi Arabia và Kuwait [27], Thổ Nhĩ Kỳ [28], Jordan [29] và Nepal [30]. Như vậy, mức độ ô nhiễm PAHs trong mẫu bụi trong nhà và ngoài đường ở Hà Nội nằm trong khoảng trung bình hoặc thấp so với các quốc gia khác trên thế giới.…”

An overview of research and development themes in the measurement and occurrences of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in dusts and particulates

“…In particular the PAH in particulate data is used to calculate incremental lifetime cancer risk for the exposed population [104, 107, 119, 125, 126, 140, 141, 149, 150, 157, 160, 161, 176, 190-192, 214, 221, 222, 228-231]. Three pathways for exposure from PAH in particulates are discussed: i) Ingestion [104,141,149,150,176,190,214,220,222,223,[231][232][233][234][235]; ii) Dermal contact [104,141,149,150,176,214,220,222,223,231,233,235]; and iii) Inhalation exposure [105,131,137,141,142,147,152,159,160,177,181,191,193,208,210,213,220,221,…”