Risk Assessment of the Schmutzdecke of Biosand Filters: Identification of an Opportunistic Pathogen in Schmutzdecke Developed by an Unsafe Water Source

Hwang, Hyun Gyu; Kim, Min Seo; Shin, Soo Min; Hwang, Cher Won

doi:10.3390/ijerph110202033

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Filtration devices or certain components of filters (such as sand) may introduce certain species of bacteria associated with biofilm formation (“schmutzdecke”) which may eventually influence the microbial quality of the finished water as reported in previous studies [15, 55, 56]. In our study, we also found depletion or introduction of certain bacterial genera after-filtration in the POU water with reference to the autochthonous microbiota respective water sources (Table 1).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Microbial Diversity of Source and Point-of-Use Water in Rural Haiti – A Pyrosequencing-Based Metagenomic Survey

et al. 2016

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Haiti endures the poorest water and sanitation infrastructure in the Western Hemisphere, where waterborne diseases cause significant morbidity and mortality. Most of these diseases are reported to be caused by waterborne pathogens. In this study, we examined the overall bacterial diversity of selected source and point-of-use water from rural areas in Central Plateau, Haiti using pyrosequencing of 16s rRNA genes. Taxonomic composition of water samples revealed an abundance of Firmicutes phyla, followed by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. A total of 38 bacterial families and 60 genera were identified. The presence of several Klebsiella spp. (tentatively, K. pneumoniae, K. variicola and other Klebsiella spp.) was detected in most water samples. Several other human pathogens such as Aeromonas, Bacillus, Clostridium, and Yersinia constituted significantly higher proportion of bacterial communities in the point-of-use water samples compared to source water. Bacterial genera traditionally associated with biofilm formation, such as Chryseobacterium, Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Pseudomonas were found in the point-of-use waters obtained from water filters or domestic water storage containers. Although the pyrosequencing method utilized in this study did not reveal the viability status of these pathogens, the abundance of genetic footprints of the pathogens in water samples indicate the probable risk of bacterial transmission to humans. Therefore, the importance of appropriate handling, purification, and treatment of the source water needed to be clearly communicated to the communities in rural Haiti to ensure the water is safe for their daily use and intake.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 83%

Microbial Diversity of Source and Point-of-Use Water in Rural Haiti – A Pyrosequencing-Based Metagenomic Survey

et al. 2016

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“…Taken together, the bio-slow sand filtration of pollutants includes two components, i.e., the adsorption of sediment and the biochemical mechanism. The adsorption of sediment occurs mainly in the upper covering water and at the surface layer of the filtering bed, and bacterial removal occurs in the upper half of the sand filter [11].…”

Section: Biological Mechanism Of Bio-slow Sand Filtrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applying Bio-Slow Sand Filtration for Water Treatment

Liu¹,

Fu²,

Wei³

et al. 2019

Pol. J. Environ. Stud.

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Water-borne typhus, dysentery, viral hepatitis, diarrhoea, and other intestinal infectious diseases are the prevailing diseases in the rural areas in China. The harvested rainwater is easily contaminated by air pollution, surface runoff fertilizer and pesticides, solid waste and chips at the rainwater-harvesting surface (rubbish, animal faeces, etc.), and anthropogenic pollution. With the development of technology, products made of ceramic filters have been widely used in cities where tapwater is available. However, as a drawback, ceramic filters do not apply to those rural singlehousehold families without access to water pressure. In addition, the filter has a certain service life, and it has to be frequently replaced if water quality is poor, which will burden water users with unbearable costs.

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“…Leclercia adecarboxylata is a pathogen that causes fever and leukocytosis (Hwang et al, 2014). Although Ochrobactrum intermedium is not a common pathogen, it has been reported to cause bacteremia in patients with cancers and immune-compromised individuals (Apisarnthanarak et al, 2005;Dharne et al, 2008).…”

Section: Identification Of Bacteria Associated With Atmospheric Deposmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microorganisms and heavy metals associated with atmospheric deposition in a congested urban environment of a developing country: Sri Lanka

Weerasundara

Amarasekara

Magana-Arachchi

et al. 2017

Science of The Total Environment

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The presence of bacteria and heavy metals in atmospheric deposition were investigated in Kandy, Sri Lanka, which is a typical city in the developing world with significant traffic congestion. Atmospheric deposition samples were analyzed for Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb which are heavy metals common to urban environments. Al and Fe were found in high concentrations due to the presence of natural sources, but may also be re-suspended by vehicular traffic. Relatively high concentrations of toxic metals such as Cr and Pb in dissolved form were also found. High Zn loads can be attributed to vehicular emissions and the wide use of Zn coated roofing materials. The metal loads in wet deposition showed higher concentrations compared to dry deposition. The metal concentrations among the different sampling sites significantly differ from each other depending on the traffic conditions. Industrial activities are not significant in Kandy City. Consequently, the traffic exerts high influence on heavy metal loadings. As part of the bacterial investigations, nine species of culturable bacteria, namely; Sphingomonas sp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas monteilii, Klebsiella pneumonia, Ochrobactrum intermedium, Leclercia adecarboxylata, Exiguobacterium sp., Bacillus pumilus and Kocuria kristinae, which are opportunistic pathogens, were identified. This is the first time Pseudomonas monteilii and Ochrobactrum intermedium has been reported from a country in Asia. The culturable fraction constituted ~0.01 to 10%. Pigmented bacteria and endospore forming bacteria were copious in the atmospheric depositions due to their capability to withstand harsh environmental conditions. The presence of pathogenic bacteria and heavy metals creates potential human and ecosystem health risk.

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Risk Assessment of the Schmutzdecke of Biosand Filters: Identification of an Opportunistic Pathogen in Schmutzdecke Developed by an Unsafe Water Source

Cited by 26 publications

References 19 publications

Microbial Diversity of Source and Point-of-Use Water in Rural Haiti – A Pyrosequencing-Based Metagenomic Survey

Microbial Diversity of Source and Point-of-Use Water in Rural Haiti – A Pyrosequencing-Based Metagenomic Survey

Applying Bio-Slow Sand Filtration for Water Treatment

Microorganisms and heavy metals associated with atmospheric deposition in a congested urban environment of a developing country: Sri Lanka

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