Risk Assessment of Triflumezopyrim and Imidacloprid in Rice through an Evaluation of Residual Data

Abstract

Triflumezopyrim, a novel mesoionic insecticide used to control planthoppers, is a potential substitute for imidacloprid. In this study, triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid residues in rice were determined using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe procedure combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification of both triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid was 0.01 mg kg−1, and the average recovery values were 94–104% and 91–106%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 1.1–1.4% and 2.1–3.4% (n = 5), respectively. The consumer protection level was assessed by calculating the theoretical maximum daily intake using the reported maximum residue limits of triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid. The established method was successfully applied to 200 commercial rice samples collected from four provinces in China, and their potential public health risks were assessed using triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid residues. The risk associated with triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid dietary intake was assessed by calculating the national estimated short-term intake and the acute reference dose percentage (%ARfD). The results show that the theoretical maximum daily intake (NEDI) values of triflumezopyrim and imidacloprid in different age and gender groups were 0.219–0.543 and 0.377–0.935 μg kg−1 d−1 bw, and the risk quotient (RQ) values were 0.188–0.467% and 0.365–0.906%, respectively. The acute reference dose (%ARfD) of triflumezopyrim and imidaclopridin ranged from 0.615 to 0.998% and from 0.481 to 0.780%, respectively.

Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Lipophilic Shellfish Toxins in the Zhejiang Province, China

“…When %ARfD ≤ 100%, the risk of acute dietary intake was considered acceptable. Conversely, when %ARfD > 100%, the risk was considered unacceptable [ 85 ].…”

An Occurrence and Exposure Assessment of Paralytic Shellfish Toxins from Shellfish in Zhejiang Province, China

“…In the present study, the ARfD for PSTs was 0.5 µg STX eq./kg b.w., as recommended by EFSA [4], and 0.7 µg STX eq./kg b.w., as recommended by the FAO/WHO/IOC [21]. It was assumed to be safe when the percentage value of ARfD (%ARfD) was ≤100%; conversely, the risk was considered to be unacceptable [58].…”

Quality Control of Pesticide Residue Measurements and Evaluation of Their Results

“…To control the safe and efficient use of pesticides, their residues are regularly monitored in food and environmental samples in many countries according to risk-based sampling plans [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ] or targeted surveillance with limited scope and sampling targets. For example, the world-wide activities are demonstrated with some selected publications from Argentina to Vietnam [ 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 ]. In the European Union the largest number of residues tested within the EU-coordinated and national pesticide residue monitoring programs were reported in 2020 by Luxembourg (659), Malta (643), Germany (626), France (619) and Belgium (617) [ 47 ].…”

“…Most publications referenced above [ 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ] mainly reported minor modifications in sample preparation procedures of the original QuEChERS (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe) method [ 52 ] and often provided details of the conditions of the MS mass spectrometry (MS) detection. Other authors reported various combinations of sample preparation [ 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 ].…”