Risk Assessment to Evaluate if Crayons Complying with the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008 for Lead, Also Comply with California Proposition 65

Ahmad, Gulzar; Kumar, Subodh; Ahmad, Dildar; Shammas, Masood A.

doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00130

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…An illustrative example of marker VOC concentrations in a standard classroom with 20 children using markers showed very large MOEs as compared to published reference inhalation concentration levels. Calculated lead exposures from crayons used by Pre-K students showed lower daily exposure estimates than those previously reported [ 5 ]. Both examples demonstrate the importance of accurate frequency and time duration of use data for consumer products, such as art materials.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

“…In another example a lead risk assessment associated with the use of crayons by children was reported [ 5 ]. Given the absence of use frequency and other more specific data, overly conservative assumptions were used including the ingestion of 14 grams of crayon material per month, constant daily ingestion for three years, and hypothetical lead levels of 99 ppm to indicate that lead levels cannot exceed the CPSIA regulatory limit of 100 ppm [ 25 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ahmad et al [ 5 ] reported a lead exposure estimate of approximately 1.95 µg/day based on hypothetical lead levels of 99 ppm in crayons [ 19 ]. Based on the crayon use information from this study, 185 Pre-K school days/year, and a total of 925 Pre-K school days, Table 5 shows that the potential average daily dose (pADD) as defined by EPA child-specific exposure scenarios example is 0.017 µg/day assuming the same hypothetical lead levels of 99 ppm in a crayon.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such frequency of use information is critical for estimating realistic consumer exposures to potentially hazardous chemicals in such consumer products. Without specific information on use frequency (and duration), conservative (worst case) maximum exposure estimates must be used in human health chemical risk assessment, potentially leading to conservative risk estimates [ 5 – 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Art and craft material use patterns by pre-school and elementary school children at home and school: a year long survey for refining exposure assessments

Prusiewicz

James

Kaplan

et al. 2023

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Background Use frequency and times are critical parameters for estimating realistic chemical exposures associated with the use of consumer products. Very limited information is available in the published literature for children’s use patterns of art and craft materials at home and school. Objective Conduct a year-long survey of art materials use at home and school by pre-school and elementary school children, teachers, and parents which can be used to refine chemical exposure assessments for these consumer products. Methods Parent and teacher online surveys were conducted on the daily use of markers and monthly use of fifteen additional art and craft materials. Results Daily marker use by elementary children was widespread at home and school (65% and 80%, respectively). On average, pre-school and elementary students used markers for 27 min per day, more than double daily home use. Adults used markers for longer durations relative to their children/students with teachers reporting the highest average daily usage time. School use of general art materials exceeded home use for both age groups, with elementary children using art materials more frequently than their pre-school counterparts. Examples of how these data can be used to refine exposure estimates are provided. Significance Accurate art material usage data contributes to refined estimates of chemical exposure for these consumer products. Impact Statement A year-long online survey was conducted which measured daily frequency and duration use for markers and comparable monthly use of other art materials for pre-school and elementary school children, their parents and teachers. Such use information is critical for estimating chemical exposures associated with this class of consumer products.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 57%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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