“…However, cost-effective surveillance and control strategies should be identified, because resources are scarce for addressing public health risks [7]. Studies conducted in different countries show that abattoir interventions might be more socioeconomically profitable and effective to further reduce Salmonella carcass prevalence compared to additional interventions at the herd level [4,[8][9][10]. At the abattoir, different interventions could include relatively new methods such as (1) hot-water decontamination, in which carcasses are exposed to 80 xC water for 15 s in a cabinet, (2) hand-held steam vacuum, in which areas with visible faecal contamination are exposed to vacuum suction and steam to deactivate bacteria, and (3) steam ultrasound, which includes exposing the carcass to a 130 xC steam to kill the bacteria and to a 30-40 kHz ultrasound that increases access to bacteria on the surface.…”