Risk Factors Affecting the Occurrence of Acute Otitis Media among 2-3-Year-Old Urban Children

Abstract

The factors affecting the occurrence and recurrence of acute otitis media (AOM) were studied among 471 2-3-year-old children in two cities in Finland. Of these children, 188 had experienced greater than or equal to 3 attacks of AOM, 76 had had 1-2 attacks and 207 no otitis attacks (= control group). The study showed that the risk of recurrent AOM was increased among those children attending day-care nurseries as well as among those who had several siblings. Proneness to rhinorrhea and exposure to passive smoking at home was associated with an increased risk of AOM, while prolonged breast-feeding (greater than 6 months) seemed to reduce it. No correlation was found between the risk of recurrent AOM and the place of residence or type of housing, the parental otitis history, or atopic diathesis of a child. Thus the study suggested that to protect a young child from AOM we should promote breast-feeding and home-care for babies as well as avoid smoking in the home.

Hospital system costs of artificial infant feeding: estimates for the Australian Capital Territory

“…Evidence from the literature suggests breastfeeding has continued signif icant protective effects to at least two years for gastrointestinal illness; 26 2-6 years for respiratory illness; 13,27 3-10 years for atopic eczema; 12,28 and three years for acute and recur rent otitis media. [29][30][31][32] • Diagnostic Classification: Data for age groups 0-12 months and 1-4 years were classif ied by principal diagnosis at the three or four-digit level according to the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM). This morbidity data was then mapped to AR-DRG 4.0 b y identifying separations where the principle diagnosis at the ICD-9-CM three-digit level best cor responded to the morbidity outcomes measured in the epidemiological studies (i.e.…”

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“…8,9 When one counterbalances the weight of evidence for and against the association of allergic rhinitis and otitis media, publications with a less adequate investigative model tend to be on the side of accepting nasal allergy as a RF, which makes allergic rhinitis a RF that needs further study before more definitive conclusions can be drawn (level of evidence III).…”

“…67 Pukander et al also showed that children with siblings were more prone to recurrent episodes of AOM. 8 Having more than one sibling was significantly related to the early onset of otitis media. 68 However, the findings are not unanimous.…”

“…It has been shown that the susceptibility AOM diminished in a group of children who are cared for in family homes, in comparison with day care center attendance. 8,56,57 In truth, the prevalence of negative pressure in the middle ear and Type B tympanograms, indicative of effusion in the middle ear, are greater in children cared for in day care centers with many others; intermediate in children cared for in family homes with fewer companions and less still in children cared for at home. 58,59 In the meta-analysis of Uhari et al, the risk of AOM also increased with child care outside the home (RR 2.45; 95%CI 1.51-3.98) and although on a lower scale, also with care in family homes (RR 1.59; 95%CI 1.19-2.13).…”

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“…En población infantil, la exposición involuntaria al humo de cigarrillo aumenta la frecuencia de infecciones respiratorias bajas y de síntomas respiratorios, reduce el nivel esperado de VEF 1 y FEF 25-75 15 y aumenta el riesgo de desarrollar otitis media 16 . La exposición al humo de leña puede aumentar la frecuencia de infecciones respiratorias bajas 17 .…”