Risk factors associated withCampylobacterdetected by PCR in humans and animals in rural Cambodia

Abstract

SUMMARYCampylobacter are worldwide-occurring zoonotic bacteria, with the species Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli commonly associated with diarrhoea in children in low-income countries. In this cross-sectional study, the prevalence of C. jejuni and C. coli in human and livestock faecal samples was detected by PCR and zoonotic risk factors associated with human Campylobacter positivity were identified. In total 681 humans and 753 livestock (chickens, ducks, pigs, cattle) from 269 households were sampled. Children aged <16 years were more frequently Campylobacter positive (19%) than adults (8%) and multilevel logistic models revealed that human C. jejuni positivity was associated with the following household practices: home-slaughtering [odds ratio (OR) 2·4, P = 0·01], allowing animals access to sleeping and food preparation areas (OR 2·8, P = 0·02), and eating undercooked meat (OR 6·6, P = 0·05), while frequent consumption of beef was protective (OR 0·9, P = 0·05). Associations were stronger for home-slaughtering (OR 4·9, P = 0·004) with C. jejuni infection in children only. Campylobacter was highly prevalent in pigs (72%) and chickens (56%) and risk factors associated with human Campylobacter positivity were identified throughout the meat production chain. The findings underline the importance of studying source attributions throughout the production chain and the need for upgraded understanding of Campylobacter epidemiology in low-income countries.

Occurrence of Antibiotic Resistant C. jejuni and E. coli in Wild Birds, Chickens, Environment and Humans from Orang Asli Villages in Sungai Siput, Perak, Malaysia

“…The occurrence of C. jejuni in the chicken was 38.1%, while it was 5% in the flies. The results were similar to those found in other studies such as by Nwankwo et al (2017) and Osbjer et al (2016). In chickens, the rates were higher as reported by Huat et al (2010) and Keramas et al (2004).…”

Livestock ownership is associated with higher odds of anaemia among preschool‐aged children, but not women of reproductive age in Ghana

“…Furthermore, if infection risk is predominantly driven by contact with neighbouring animals, local corralling may not address the problem (Oberhelman et al, ). Research is needed that jointly assesses the diverse direct and indirect pathways linking livestock and anaemia (e.g., diet; exposure to animal faeces, animal slaughter waste [Osbjer et al, ], and zoonotic pathogens linked to livestock disease [Mosites et al, ]); altering human vector interactions [Donnelly et al, ]). Understanding the relative importance of these factors across contexts and their relationships will help to elucidate the complex aetiology of anaemia among agricultural households and inform solutions that maximize the potential dietary benefits of animal production while minimizing disease risks.…”

“…Furthermore, if infection risk is predominantly driven by contact with neighbouring animals, local corralling may not address the problem . Research is needed that jointly assesses the diverse direct and indirect pathways linking livestock and anaemia (e.g., diet; exposure to animal faeces, animal slaughter waste [Osbjer et al, 2016], and zoonotic pathogens linked to livestock disease [Mosites et al, 2016]); altering human vector interactions [Donnelly et al, 2015]).…”

“…The same inflammation-mediated mechanisms via which this gut disorder-termed environmental enteric dysfunction (EED)-is thought to stunt linear growth (Humphrey, 2009;Prendergast et al, 2014) could be integral to its role in the aetiology of anaemia in children (Morceau, Dicato, & Diederich, 2009;Prendergast et al, 2015). If children are especially susceptible to the pathogenic bacteria associated with livestock production (Osbjer et al, 2016;Vasco, Graham, & Trueba, 2016), this may explain why children, but not women, from livestock owning households were more likely to be anaemic.…”

Carriage of carbapenemase‐ and extended‐spectrum cephalosporinase‐producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in humans and livestock in rural Cambodia; gender and age differences and detection of blaOXA‐48 in humans

“…Samples were collected in Kampong Cham, Cambodia, in May 2011 from 10 households each in 10 villages as previously described (Osbjer et al, 2015). The sampling for this study was conducted in conjunction with other studies (Osbjer et al, 2017(Osbjer et al, , 2015Osbjer, Boqvist, et al, 2016;Osbjer, Tano, et al, 2016). Samples were collected from humans and 1-6 livestock from the same household.…”