Risk factors associated with Parkinson’s disease: An 11-year population-based South Korean study

Abstract

ObjectiveTo validate various known risk factors of Parkinsonism and to establish basic information to formulate public health policy by using a 10-year follow-up cohort model.MethodsThis population based nation-wide study was performed using the National Health Insurance Database of reimbursement claims of the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service of South Korea data on regular health check-ups in 2003 and 2004, with 10 years’ follow-up.ResultsWe identified 7,746 patients with Parkinsonism. Old age, hypertension, diabetes, depression, anxiety, taking statin medication, high body mass index, non-smoking, non-alcohol drinking, and low socioeconomic status were each associated with an increase in the risk of Parkinsonism (fully adjusted Cox proportional hazards model: hazard ratio (HR) 1.259, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.194–1.328 for hypertension, HR 1.255, 95% CI 1.186–1.329 for diabetes, HR 1.554, 95% CI 1.664–1.965 for depression, HR 1.808, 95% CI 1.462–1.652 for anxiety, and HR 1.157, 95% CI 1.072–1.250 for taking statin medication).ConclusionsIn our study, old age, depression, anxiety, and a non-smoker status were found to be risk factors of Parkinsonism, in agreement with previous studies. However, sex, hypertension, diabetes, taking statin medication, non-drinking of Alcohol, and lower socioeconomic status have not been described as risk factors in previous studies and need further verification in future studies.

Type 2 Diabetes as a Determinant of Parkinson's Disease Risk and Progression

“…We repeated the risk meta-analysis using the studies that failed to specify T2DM as the exposure and included patients with any diabetes. These studies were generally lower in quality (Table S5), [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] and heterogeneity was greater still (I 2 = 88.4%). The combined effect estimate for all studies was 1.11 (95% CI 0.94-1.30), providing an overall null effect for the association between diabetes and risk of PD (Fig.…”