Risk factors associated with the colonization of Ontario layer chicken flocks with Brachyspira species

Medhanie, Genet A.; McEwen, Scott A.; Weber, L. A.; Sanei, Babak; Cooley, Leanne; Houghton, Scott; Slavić, Ðurđa; Guerin, Michele T.

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.09.017

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Occasionally infection is reported in other poultry species, such as turkeys (30). Colonization and disease have been reported in many regions of the world (73)(74)(75)(76)(77). Infections can vary from being asymptomatic to severe, with increased mortality rates.…”

Section: Disease In Chickensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…About 20% of these infected flocks contain chickens that are colonized with B. pilosicoli (63,65,67), and flocks with diarrhea or poor egg production are colonized more commonly than flocks with normal feces. Flocks with chickens that are over 40 weeks old are significantly more likely to be infected than flocks with younger chickens on the same farms (63,65,67,76), and multi-age farms have the highest risk of infection (75). This pattern is likely to reflect relatively increased cumulated opportunities for transmission of the spirochetes to chickens as they age.…”

Section: Chickensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli, Enteric Pathogen of Animals and Humans

Hampson

2018

Clin Microbiol Rev

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SUMMARY Brachyspira pilosicoli is a slow-growing anaerobic spirochete that colonizes the large intestine. Colonization occurs commonly in pigs and adult chickens, causing colitis/typhlitis, diarrhea, poor growth rates, and reduced production. Colonization of humans also is common in some populations (individuals living in village and peri-urban settings in developing countries, recent immigrants from developing countries, homosexual males, and HIV-positive patients), but the spirochete rarely is investigated as a potential human enteric pathogen. In part this is due to its slow growth and specialized growth requirements, meaning that it is not detectable in human fecal samples using routine diagnostic methods. Nevertheless, it has been identified histologically attached to the colon and rectum in patients with conditions such as chronic diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and/or nonspecific abdominal discomfort, and one survey of Australian Aboriginal children showed that colonization was significantly associated with failure to thrive. B. pilosicoli has been detected in the bloodstream of elderly patients or individuals with chronic conditions such as alcoholism and malignancies. This review describes the spirochete and associated diseases. It aims to encourage clinicians and clinical microbiologists to consider B. pilosicoli in their differential diagnoses and to develop and use appropriate diagnostic protocols to identify the spirochete in clinical specimens.

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Section: Disease In Chickensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Chickensmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli, Enteric Pathogen of Animals and Humans

Hampson

2018

Clin Microbiol Rev

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“…On hens, the Brachyspira sp. is associated with a clinical condition known as avian intestinal spirochetosis (AIS) commonly observed in older birds (Phillips et al 2005, Medhanie et al 2013, Mappley et al 2014. B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli are the main causers (Stephens & Hampson 2002, Bano et al 2008, and B. alvinipulli appears in lower frequency (Phillips et al 2006, Feberwee et al 2008.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli are the main causers (Stephens & Hampson 2002, Bano et al 2008, and B. alvinipulli appears in lower frequency (Phillips et al 2006, Feberwee et al 2008. The clinical signs include chronic diarrhea, weight loss, low egg productivity, and eggs dirty with feces (Medhanie et al 2013). Burch et al (2006) compared the performance of lots with AIS and the standard for the laying lineage and found a 6% decrease in egg production and an 8.84% increase in the mortality rate in an untreated lot.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Brachyspira pilosicoli, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira intermedia in hens and laying hens in the western region of Paraná through bacterial isolation and identification in qPCR

et al. 2019

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Bacteria of the genus Brachyspira can cause enteric diseases in poultry causing a decrease in productivity. The occurrence of this disease in chickens has already been verified in countries such as Australia, Italy, and the United States, but in Brazil, until now, epidemiological studies about Brachyspira sp. frequency were only carried out on pig farms. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of bacteria of the genus Brachyspira sp. through isolation and confirmation of the species Brachyspira pilosicoli, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira intermedia using the qPCR technique. Samples from 110 hens aged from 35 to 82 weeks were collected, 40 were from commercial egg farms and 70 were from laying hens matrices. For the first evaluation, bacterial isolation was performed from the feces. Positive samples were submitted to qPCR to identify the three species proposed. Cecum fragments of the birds were collected and fixed in formaldehyde for histological evaluation and counting of goblet cells. Of the 110 samples, 48 characteristic isolates of Brachyspira (43.6%) were obtained and of these in qPCR 13 identified as B. hyodysenteriae (11.8%) and 5 all from the same farm as Brachyspira intermedia (4.5%), 2 samples were positive for both agents (1.8%) and 28 were not characterized by qPCR (25.5%). None histopathological lesions were observed in the chicken cecum and no significant statistical difference was noticed in the count of goblet cells of the positive hens. It can be evidenced by the occurrence of Brachyspira sp. in laying farms and hens in Brazil, with special relevance to Brachyspira intermedia that can be potentially pathogenic for these animals.

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“…Studies to date mainly have been restricted to some European and Scandinavian countries, the USA, Canada and Australia (e.g., Davelaar et al, 1986;Griffiths et al, 1987;Swayne et al, 1992;McLaren et al, 1996;Stephens & Hampson, 1999;Bano et al, 2008;Jansson et al, 2008;Myers et al, 2009;Medhanie et al, 2013). In these studies around 70% of layer flocks and 50% of breeder flocks have been positive for spirochaetes, with around two-thirds of the spirochaetes being known pathogenic species (Hampson, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intestinal spirochaetes (Brachyspiraspp.) colonizing flocks of layer and breeder chickens in Malaysia

Amin

Phillips

et al. 2014

Avian Pathology

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Avian intestinal spirochaetosis causes problems including delayed onset of lay and wet litter in adult chickens, and results from colonization of the caecae/rectum with pathogenic intestinal spirochaetes (genus Brachyspira). Because avian intestinal spirochaetosis has not previously been studied in South East Asia, this investigation was undertaken in Malaysia. Faecal samples were collected from 25 farms and a questionnaire was administered. Brachyspira species were detected by polymerase chain reaction in 198 of 500 (39%) faecal samples from 20 (80%) farms, including 16 (94%) layer and four (50%) breeder farms. Pathogenic Brachyspira pilosicoli was identified in five (29%) layer and two (25%) breeder farms whilst pathogenic Brachyspira intermedia was detected in nine (53%) layer and one (12.5%) of the breeder farms. Twelve (80%) layer farms had egg production problems and 11 (92%) were positive for Brachyspira: three (25%) for B. pilosicoli and six (50%) for B. intermedia. Of three breeder farms with egg production problems, one was colonized with B. pilosicoli. Three of ten layer farms with wet litter were positive for B. pilosicoli and six for B. intermedia. Of four breeder farms with wet litter, one was colonized with B. pilosicoli and one with B. intermedia. No significant associations were found between colonization and reduced egg production or wet litter, perhaps because so many flocks were colonized. A significant association (P = 0.041) occurred between a high prevalence of colonization and faecal staining of eggs. There were significant positive associations between open-sided housing (P = 0.006), and flocks aged >40 weeks (P < 0.001) and colonization by pathogenic species.

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Risk factors associated with the colonization of Ontario layer chicken flocks with Brachyspira species

Cited by 8 publications

References 26 publications

The Spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli, Enteric Pathogen of Animals and Humans

The Spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli, Enteric Pathogen of Animals and Humans

Diagnosis of Brachyspira pilosicoli, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira intermedia in hens and laying hens in the western region of Paraná through bacterial isolation and identification in qPCR

Intestinal spirochaetes (Brachyspiraspp.) colonizing flocks of layer and breeder chickens in Malaysia

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