Risk factors associated with unsuppressed viral load in HIV-1 infected patients at the first antiretroviral therapy in Morocco

Titou, Hicham; Ilyas, Elkassimi; Tarik, Hanafi; Baba, Noureddine; Omar, Boudi; Rachid, Frikh; Hjira, Naoufal; Boui, Mohammed

doi:10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_41_19

Cited by 20 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Having a baseline CD4 count ≥350 cells/mm3 had better suppressed viral load compared to having a baseline CD4 count of fewer than 200 cells/mm3. This finding is consistent with the study conducted in Zimbabwe and Swaziland (Hicham et al, 2019 ; Jobanputra et al, 2015 ). This is because CD4 is the prime target for HIV/AIDS.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Providing anti-retroviral treatment did not achieve the ambition of ‘Joint united nations program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) among HIV positive patient in Ethiopia’: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Melis,

Sahle,

Haile

et al. 2023

Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice

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Introduction: Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) has great importance in reducing viral load. Though a global effort was made to suppress viral load, the level of viral load suppression among ART patients is still high in Ethiopia. Objective: This study aims to assess the magnitude and contributing factors for viral load suppression among patients attending ART clinics in Ethiopia. Methods: The articles were searched using different databases using the guideline of reporting systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA). A random effect model was used to ascertain the pooled prevalence of viral load suppression in Ethiopia using STATA 14 software. Results: The pooled prevalence of suppressed viral load was 75.25% (95% CI: 68.61–81.89). Having good adherence (OR: 2.71, 95% CI 2.27, 3.15), baseline CD4 count (OR: 1.74, 95% CI 1.53, 1.96), and being female (OR: 1.41, 95% CI 1.04, 1.79) were determinants of pooled estimates of suppressed viral load. Conclusion: The pooled prevalence of suppressed viral load was 75% which is lower than the targeted level by the sustainable development goal (SDG) 2020, which was 90%. Therefore, the stakeholders should be focused on the existing strategies to decrease viral load among ART patients. They should work to adhere to patients for ART treatment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Providing anti-retroviral treatment did not achieve the ambition of ‘Joint united nations program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) among HIV positive patient in Ethiopia’: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Melis,

Sahle,

Haile

et al. 2023

Journal of Pharmaceutical Policy and Practice

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“…Accordingly, male HIV patients were more likely to develop virological failure as compared to females. This study is in line with the research studies conducted in Kumasi, Ghana [ 26 ], Morocco [ 79 ], Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania [ 36 ], and the Tigray region, Ethiopia [ 80 ] that stated that virological failure was more common in male HIV patients than female HIV patients. The possible reasons might be excessive alcohol consumption, low clinic attendance for ART, and low health-seeking behavior in male patients [ 31 , 36 , 80 ].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Machine learning to predict virological failure among HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in the University of Gondar Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital, in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2022

Mamo

Yilma

Fekadie

et al. 2023

BMC Med Inform Decis Mak

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Background Treatment with effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) reduces viral load as well as HIV-related morbidity and mortality in HIV-positive patients. Despite the expanded availability of antiretroviral therapy around the world, virological failure remains a serious problem for HIV-positive patients. Thus, Machine learning predictive algorithms have the potential to improve the quality of care and predict the needs of HIV patients by analyzing huge amounts of data, and enhancing prediction capabilities. This study used different machine learning classification algorithms to predict the features that cause virological failure in HIV-positive patients. Method An institution-based secondary data was used to conduct patients who were on antiretroviral therapy at the University of Gondar Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital from January 2020 to May 2022. Patients’ data were extracted from the electronic database using a structured checklist and imported into Python version three software for data pre-processing and analysis. Then, seven supervised classification machine-learning algorithms for model development were trained. The performances of the predictive models were evaluated using accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, f1-score, and AUC. Association rule mining was used to generate the best rule for the association between independent features and the target feature. Result Out of 5264 study participants, 1893 (35.06%) males and 3371 (64.04%) females were included. The random forest classifier (sensitivity = 1.00, precision = 0.987, f1-score = 0.993, AUC = 0.9989) outperformed in predicting virological failure among all selected classifiers. Random forest feature importance and association rules identified the top eight predictors (Male, younger age, longer duration on ART, not taking CPT, not taking TPT, secondary educational status, TDF-3TC-EFV, and low CD4 counts) of virological failure based on the importance ranking, and the CD-4 count was recognized as the most important predictor feature. Conclusion The random forest classifier outperformed in predicting and identifying the relevant predictors of virological failure. The results of this study could be very helpful to health professionals in determining the optimal virological outcome.

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“…This failure suppression may be associated with drug resistance, incomplete virological response, or virological rebound. 12 Rosenblum et al study showed decreased virological failure risk with longer ART duration because HIV patients had better adherence. Another study by Boakye et al in Ghana stated that shorter duration of ART (6 months–2 years) was associated with failure of suppressing viral load.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Risk Factors Associated with Unsuppressed Viral Load in People Living with HIV Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment in Jawa Barat, Indonesia

Wisaksana,

Hartantri,

Hutajulu

2024

HIV

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Introduction The success rate of antiretroviral therapy (ART) was sufficiently high globally that by 2030, Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection would no longer become a significant health issue. The evaluation of the success rate of ART in Indonesia is still fairly low, with estimates that 6.1% of the total population living with HIV. This is affected by treatment failure and limitations of viral load (VL) testing. We investigated the risk factors for failure of VL suppression in HIV patients on ART. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 1203 subjects, medical records of adult HIV patients in Jawa Barat, who followed the Viral Load Months Program from the government in 2020. Data were taken using total sampling technique and analyzed with multivariate logistic regression model using SPSS version 21 software. Results Of the 1203 subjects, 5.2% had unsuppressed VL and 94.8% had suppressed VL. The results showed that a nevirapine-based regimen was the main factor increasing unsuppressed risk (Prevalence Odds Ratio (POR) 3.75 (95% CI: 1.41–9.99, p-value 0.008)). The other factors are ART duration <5 years (POR 2.46; 95% CI: 1.22–4.97, p-value 0.012), WHO clinical stage III–IV (POR 2.30; 95% CI: 1.30–4.08, p-value 0.004), and loss to follow-up history (POR 2.28, 95% CI: 1.03–5.07). Meanwhile, the zidovudine-based regimen reduced the risk of failure (POR 0.34 (95% CI: 0.12–0.96)). Conclusion Several factors could contribute to unsuppressed VL in HIV patients receiving ART, which warrants further investigations.

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Risk factors associated with unsuppressed viral load in HIV-1 infected patients at the first antiretroviral therapy in Morocco

Cited by 20 publications

References 0 publications

Providing anti-retroviral treatment did not achieve the ambition of ‘Joint united nations program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) among HIV positive patient in Ethiopia’: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Providing anti-retroviral treatment did not achieve the ambition of ‘Joint united nations program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) among HIV positive patient in Ethiopia’: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Machine learning to predict virological failure among HIV patients on antiretroviral therapy in the University of Gondar Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital, in Amhara Region, Ethiopia, 2022

Risk Factors Associated with Unsuppressed Viral Load in People Living with HIV Receiving Antiretroviral Treatment in Jawa Barat, Indonesia

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