Risk factors contributing to microbiological contamination of shallow groundwater in Kampala, Uganda

Howard, Guy; Pedley, Steve; Barrett, Mike; Nalubega, M.; Johal, K.

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(03)00235-5

Cited by 240 publications

(232 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Indeed, several epidemiological studies revealed that wastewater or activated sludge reuse are potential sources of chemical and microbiological contaminations of surface water tables [1,5,12,17]. In developing countries, about 3 million die prematurely of waterborne diseases along with a majority of children under 5 years old followed by women and poor populations without access to safe drinking water and adequate sanitation [12,18].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Quality of Wastewater Used in Urban Truck Farming and Health Risks Issues in Developing Countries: Case Study of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso

Nitiema¹,

Savadogo²,

Zongo³

et al. 2013

JEP

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Urban truck farming in developing countries appears of great importance to overcome unemployment and poverty. However, the quality of wastewater used for such activity could expose populations to waterborne diseases. The microbial quality of wastewaters used for truck farming in Ouagadougou city, was examined for the presence of bacterial and parasitological fecal indicators during the dry-hot season (May) and the wet season (July) in 2012. The wastewaters of three water reservoirs and two canals intensively used for truck farming were analyzed throughout the study. These indicators were also monitored in waste stabilization ponds during wastewater treatment in 3 plants of the city. For all the selected sampling sites, the concentrations of microbial indicators in water were significantly higher in the dry-hot season compared to the wet one (p < 0.0001) and ranged to 2200 -53,800 CFU/100ml for Escherichia coli, 8200 -108,400 CFU/100ml for fecal coliforms, 650 -45,000 CFU/100ml) for fecal streptococcus, and 0 -2.4 eggs/l for helminthes during the study periods. For wastewater under treatment in waste stabilization ponds, significant microbial concentration drops (p < 0.0001) in the range of 82% -100%, 78% -98%, 60% -100% and 82% -88%, respectively were recorded between the anaerobic and the maturation ponds. The later results highlighted that improving the refining performances of the waste stabilization ponds technology could help decreasing health risks related to wastewater reuse in urban agriculture for a sustainable development of cities in developing countries.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Quality of Wastewater Used in Urban Truck Farming and Health Risks Issues in Developing Countries: Case Study of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso

Nitiema¹,

Savadogo²,

Zongo³

et al. 2013

JEP

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“…Study by Lawrence et al (2001) point on site sanitation facilities as one cause of spring water pollution in urban settings. Howard et al (2003) and Ali and Balgehan (2006) have confirmed the exposure of groundwater sources to pollutants from sanitation facilities. In Gulu municipality, septic systems pose a significant threat to groundwater safety because of over dependence on this systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

The impact of septic systems density and nearness to spring water points, on water quality

Arwenyo¹,

Wasswa²,

Nyeko³

et al. 2017

Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Worldwide, 1.1 billion people do not have access to clean water and as a result, 2 million children die annually due to preventable waterborne diseases. In Uganda, 440 Children die every week of waterborne diseases. High prevalence of this death is reported in the peri urban areas. It is still unclear however the causes of water pollution in the peri-urban areas. The improper use of onsite sanitation facilities such as latrines and septic systems may lead to groundwater contamination. It is true that drain field of septic system located too close to water point, and or over population of the septic systems in a small area can lead to pollution of groundwater. Our study investigated the impact of septic systems density and nearness to water points on spring water quality. Samples from 15 spring wells were analysed for pH, nitrate and faecal coliform contamination. Locations and distances of spring from septic systems were determined using global positioning system (GPS) device and ArcGIS software, respectively. Water samples from all the spring wells had pH value less than 6.5, 66.7% had faecal coliform and 53% had nitrate above 2 mg L -1 . While sample from one of the springs had nitrate concentration above the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) standard of 10 mg L - 1. It was also noted that coliform counts and nitrate concentrations increases with increase in number of septic systems surrounding the spring well. In addition, increase in distance between spring wells and septic systems indicated decrease in both coliform counts and nitrate concentration. It is therefore concluded that improper use of septic systems is one of the causes of groundwater pollution in the peri urban areas. The study recommends treatments of water from groundwater sources, regular monitoring of groundwater sources and proper design and siting of septic systems using more robust methodologies.

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“…Findings indicate that statistical assessments of groundwater contamination, which are becoming a method of choice (e.g. Howard et al 2003;Hynds et al 2012), should consider spatial interactions when wells are situated in close proximity, particularly in urban and peri-urban areas. Lapworth et al provide a comprehensive overview of the chemical and microbial status of groundwater across a range of source types and hydrogeological settings in sub-Saharan Africa, and specifically within the context of climate change and future requirements.…”

Section: Groundwater Pathogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preface: Hydrogeology and human health

Hynds¹,

Borchardt

Ibaraki

2017

Hydrogeol J

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Risk factors contributing to microbiological contamination of shallow groundwater in Kampala, Uganda

Cited by 240 publications

References 10 publications

Microbial Quality of Wastewater Used in Urban Truck Farming and Health Risks Issues in Developing Countries: Case Study of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso

Microbial Quality of Wastewater Used in Urban Truck Farming and Health Risks Issues in Developing Countries: Case Study of Ouagadougou in Burkina Faso

The impact of septic systems density and nearness to spring water points, on water quality

Preface: Hydrogeology and human health

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