Risk factors for Alzheimer's disease in Russia: a case–control study

Abstract

No reliable data on risk factors of Alzheimer's disease (AD) are available in Russia. We aimed to evaluate the relative importance of various putative environmental and medical risk factors of AD in a Russian population. We conducted a hospital-based case-control study. Two hundred and sixty consecutive AD patients and an equal number of cognitive impairment-free control subjects matched for sex, age, level of education and place of birth selected from nursing homes and other long-term healthcare facilities in the Novosibirsk region for the period from 1998 to 2002 were examined. A conditional logistic regression analysis was employed to calculate odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) for various putative risk factors. Of the 260 patients with AD, 187 (72%) were females. Patients' age varied from 40 to 89 years (mean +/- SD: 69.2 +/- 7.7 years). The majority of the patients (77%) had secondary education and 12% had university education. Risk factors independently associated with AD were family history of parkinsonism among first-degree relatives (OR = 4.2; 95% CI 1.2-15.1), hypothyroidism (OR = 2.7; 95% CI 1.1-6.7), and history of head trauma with loss of consciousness (OR = 1.7; 95% CI 1.0-2.8). The most important risk factors for AD in the Russian community are family history of parkinsonism, hypothyroidism and a history of head trauma with loss of consciousness. These findings have implications for developing preventive strategies of AD.

Traumatic Brain Injury As a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease: Current Knowledge and Future Directions

“…A history of TBI with LOC was queried via structured interview but had to be documented in the medical records, which may suggest that more recent TBIs were more likely to be ascertained. In a multivariate model that included all significant univariate predictors, TBI with LOC was significantly, albeit marginally, associated with an increased risk for AD (HR [95% CI]: 1.7 [1.0-2.8]) [41]. The authors noted that the results of this study of institutionalized older adults may not generalize to the community-dwelling population.…”

“…The final study in this category included two groups of individuals living in nursing homes or other long-term care facilities: those with prevalent AD (based on validated consensus criteria) and a matched dementia-free comparison group [41]. People were excluded from the control group if they had a history of psychiatric disorder or alcohol/drug abuse, which, given the high co-occurrence of psychiatric and substance use disorders in individuals with TBI [42], may have actually excluded some TBI cases from this group.…”

Association between Year of Birth and Cognitive Functions in Russia and the Czech Republic: Cross-Sectional Results of the HAPIEE Study

“…The strengths of this study include: the large samples based on representative population-based sampling frames in both countries; the use of psychometric cognitive test scores rather than ascertainment of cognitive impairment from clinical records, as previously undertaken by Suhanov et al [14] in Russia; and the cross-national standardization and harmonization of the data collection protocol.…”

Familial Coaggregation of Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Of the 16 studies included, 7 investigated the coaggregation of AD and PD as their primary aim [7,16,17,18,19,20,21], whereas 9 studies investigated the coaggregation of AD and PD as one of many aims [6,14,15,22,23,24,25,26,27]. The relative risk estimates from the studies included in the meta-analysis could be divided into 4 groups: (1) reconstructed cohort studies estimating HR with AD or dementia as the outcome [16,17,18,19,20] (n = 5; table 2); (2) case-control studies estimating OR with AD or dementia as the outcome [6,7,21,22,25,26,27] (n = 7; table 2); (3) reconstructed cohort studies estimating OR with PD or parkinsonism as the outcome [23] (n = 1), and (4) case-control studies estimating OR with PD or parkinsonism as the outcome [21,24] (n = 2).…”

“…The relative risk estimates from the studies included in the meta-analysis could be divided into 4 groups: (1) reconstructed cohort studies estimating HR with AD or dementia as the outcome [16,17,18,19,20] (n = 5; table 2); (2) case-control studies estimating OR with AD or dementia as the outcome [6,7,21,22,25,26,27] (n = 7; table 2); (3) reconstructed cohort studies estimating OR with PD or parkinsonism as the outcome [23] (n = 1), and (4) case-control studies estimating OR with PD or parkinsonism as the outcome [21,24] (n = 2). We pooled all 3 studies on PD risk associated with family history of AD, even though the study designs differed, because they all estimated OR (table 4).…”