Risk Factors for Antimicrobial Resistance in <i>Escherichia coli</i> in Pigs Receiving Oral Antimicrobial Treatment: A Systematic Review

Burow, Elke; Käsbohrer, Annemarie

doi:10.1089/mdr.2015.0318

Cited by 38 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…A literature systematic review based on thirteen relevant articles revealed a relationship between AMR pattern in herds and dosage, route of administration and frequency of AMU. Several additional factors had a statistically significant influence on AMR on herd level, as space allowance, cleanliness, time span between sampling and treatment and distance to another farm [48]. Higher odds ratios were found for resistance of E. coli to quinolones, aminoglycosides and tetracycline in herds with oral administration of antimicrobials [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from swine husbandries in North Western Germany – temporal patterns in samples from laboratory practice from 2006 to 2017

et al. 2020

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Background: Since 2011, antibiotic usage has decreased continuously in livestock in Germany. Whether this is accompanied by a reduction in bacterial antimicrobial resistance has not been proven so far. In this study 3054 Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates from pigs which had suffered from disease on 2161 farms in North Western Germany were evaluated retrospectively from 2006 to 2017 for trends in their antimicrobial resistance pattern. Data were substantially related to the "pre-reduction period" and were therefore suggested as a basis for this task. Minimal inhibitory concentrations for selected antimicrobial substances were evaluated for E. coli strains isolated from different organs of diseased swine sampled for routine diagnostic. In total, 81% of E. coli were isolated from faeces or the gastrointestinal tract, 11% from the genito-urinary tract and 8% from other organs. Susceptibility testing and classification of isolates in accordance with clinical cut-offs followed the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). If no clinical cut-offs were available for the respective combination of species, substance and organ, other published clinical cut-offs were used.Results: Differences in susceptibility patterns between isolates from the gastrointestinal and genito-urinary tract were found for most substances. Isolates from the genito-urinary tract were less frequently resistant to ampicillin, apramycin, colistin, neomycin, spectinomycin and tetracycline and more frequently resistant to enrofloxacin and florfenicol. A multifactorial logistic regression model revealed time-dependent decreases in frequency of resistant isolates for neomycin, spectinomycin and tetracycline. For colistin, the highest percentage of resistant isolates with 16.0% was found in 2015 followed by a decrease to the level of 2009-2010 in 2017. A decrease in frequencies of ampicillinresistant isolates was dependent on the age-group and time period. Irrespective of the year, less than 15% E. coli isolates were resistant to apramycin, cephalosporins, colistin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, gentamicin and neomycin. Conclusion: An overall time-dependent decrease in the percentage of resistant E. coli isolates was found for some substances. These data from diseased animals indicate an impact of a general reduction in antibiotic usage on development of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in the field and can support the decision-making of swine practitioners for treatment options in swine.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from swine husbandries in North Western Germany – temporal patterns in samples from laboratory practice from 2006 to 2017

et al. 2020

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“…They suggested that a rising probability of infection with an increased number of animals could be responsible for this and refer to Österberg et al [ 22 ], Hautekiet et al [ 23 ] und García-Feliz et al [ 24 ]. Regarding the link between herd size and antimicrobial resistance, various patterns are also described [ 55 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic use on German pig farms - A longitudinal analysis for 2011, 2013 and 2014

et al. 2018

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To study antibiotic use in livestock in a temporal context with the development of antimicrobial resistance, long-term changes in antibiotic use must be mapped and their possible causes must be explored. Therefore, the present work assesses the changes in antibiotic use over time in German livestock husbandry. In addition, factors associated with antibiotic use were analyzed to identify possible strategies for further reducing antimicrobial usage. For 2011, 2013 and 2014, antibiotic usage data were collected and examined within the VetCAb project. Three hundred participating pig holdings provided information on their antibiotic use based on obligatory application and delivery forms (ADFs) filled in by their veterinarian as well as information on their current stabling capacities for each production type held. Data on sow, piglet, weaner and fattening pig holdings were described separately, using the semi-annual treatment frequency (TF) to measure antibiotic consumption. Multiple linear mixed models were used to investigate the effects of time, farm size, region and farm management category on the treatment frequency. The study yielded significant time changes with p-values below 0.001 in antibiotic administration with a decreasing median TF in piglets from 3.8 in the first half of 2011 (IQR = 1.1–10.6) to 1.7 in the second half of 2014 (IQR = 0.2–4.5) and in fattening pigs from 5.1 in the first half of 2011 (IQR = 0.2–15.4) to 0.7 in the second half of 2014 (IQR = 0.1–6.7). Meanwhile the TF fluctuated between 8.2 and 12.2 in weaners during the observational period (IQRs between zero (lower quartile) and 37.9 (upper quartile)). Piglet, weaner and fattening pig holdings belonging to the upper third of the holdings in size used significantly more antibiotics than the other holdings investigated. Particularly for weaner and fattening pig holdings, a higher TF was noted for farms without breeding units. The region was only a significant factor in weaners. In conclusion, for 2011, 2013 and 2014, the present study shows a clear reduction in antibiotic treatment frequency in German pig holdings. In addition, the association with various factors such as herd size and farm organization on the antibiotic usage frequency is indisputable. Therefore, these factors should be included in monitoring systems and considered when evaluating intervention measures.

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“…In addition to the factors listed above, that for the most part relate only to genetic mechanisms, there are many others that may affect the emergence and spread of AMR and the probability of transfer of AMR bacteria or the determinants therein from animals to humans. Such factors include dosage, including underdosage (Kohanski et al., ; van der Horst et al., ; Callens et al., ; Pardon et al., ), dosing regimens, including volume of use (Chantziaras et al., ), administration route (Burow and Käsbohrer, ) and animal husbandry conditions (Catry et al., ). There are many pathways through which resistance can be transmitted between animals, humans and the environment (Landers et al., ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

EMA and EFSA Joint Scientific Opinion on measures to reduce the need to use antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in the European Union, and the resulting impacts on food safety (RONAFA)

Murphy¹,

Ricci²,

Auce³

et al. 2017

EFS2

146

104

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EFSA and EMA have jointly reviewed measures taken in the EU to reduce the need for and use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals, and the resultant impacts on antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Reduction strategies have been implemented successfully in some Member States. Such strategies include national reduction targets, benchmarking of antimicrobial use, controls on prescribing and restrictions on use of specific critically important antimicrobials, together with improvements to animal husbandry and disease prevention and control measures. Due to the multiplicity of factors contributing to AMR, the impact of any single measure is difficult to quantify, although there is evidence of an association between reduction in antimicrobial use and reduced AMR. To minimise antimicrobial use, a multifaceted integrated approach should be implemented, adapted to local circumstances. Recommended options (non-prioritised) include: development of national strategies; harmonised systems for monitoring antimicrobial use and AMR development; establishing national targets for antimicrobial use reduction; use of on-farm health plans; increasing the responsibility of veterinarians for antimicrobial prescribing; training, education and raising public awareness; increasing the availability of rapid and reliable diagnostics; improving husbandry and management procedures for disease prevention and control; rethinking livestock production systems to reduce inherent disease risk. A limited number of studies provide robust evidence of alternatives to antimicrobials that positively influence health parameters. Possible alternatives include probiotics and prebiotics, competitive exclusion, bacteriophages, immunomodulators, organic acids and teat sealants. Development of a legislative framework that permits the use of specific products as alternatives should be considered. Further research to evaluate the potential of alternative farming systems on reducing AMR is also recommended. Animals suffering from bacterial infections should only be treated with antimicrobials based on veterinary diagnosis and prescription. Options should be reviewed to phase EFSA Journal 2017;15(1):4666 www.efsa.europa.eu/efsajournal out most preventive use of antimicrobials and to reduce and refine metaphylaxis by applying recognised alternative measures.

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Risk Factors for Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli in Pigs Receiving Oral Antimicrobial Treatment: A Systematic Review

Cited by 38 publications

References 35 publications

Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from swine husbandries in North Western Germany – temporal patterns in samples from laboratory practice from 2006 to 2017

Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli strains isolated from swine husbandries in North Western Germany – temporal patterns in samples from laboratory practice from 2006 to 2017

Antibiotic use on German pig farms - A longitudinal analysis for 2011, 2013 and 2014

EMA and EFSA Joint Scientific Opinion on measures to reduce the need to use antimicrobial agents in animal husbandry in the European Union, and the resulting impacts on food safety (RONAFA)

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