Risk Factors for Avian Influenza H9 Infection of Chickens in Live Bird Retail Stalls of Lahore District, Pakistan 2009–2010

Abstract

This study was conducted to identify risk factors associated with AIV infections in live bird retail stalls (LBRS) in Lahore District, Pakistan. A cross-sectional survey of LBRS was conducted from December 2009-February 2010 using two-stage cluster sampling based on probability proportional to size. A total of 280 oropharyngeal swab sample pools were collected from 1400 birds in 8 clusters and tested by qRT-PCR for the matrix (M) gene of type A influenza virus and HA gene subtypes H9, H5 and H7. Thirty-four (34) samples were positive for the M gene, of which 28 were also positive for H9. No sample was found positive for H5 or H7. Data for 36 potential risk factors, collected by questionnaire, were analyzed by survey-weighted logistic regression and prevalence odds ratios (OR) for associated risk factors were calculated. A final multivariable model identified three risk factors for H9 infection in LRBS, namely obtaining birds from mixed sources (OR 2.28, CI95%: 1.4–3.7), keeping birds outside cages (OR 3.10, CI95%: 1.4–7.0) and keeping chicken breeds other than broilers (OR 6.27, CI95%: 1.7–23.2). Sourcing birds from dealers/wholesalers, keeping birds inside cages and avoiding mixing different breeds in cages could reduce the risk of H9 infections in LRBS.

Serosurvey of Avian Influenza Viruses (H5, H7, and H9) and Associated Risk Factors in Backyard Poultry Flocks of Lahore District, Pakistan

“…Contact of backyard birds with live bird markets and wild birds has been identified as a potential risk factor of AIV in backyard poultry ( 19 , 27 , 57 ). Live bird retail stalls pose a continuous threat due to the mixing of birds from various sources and poor sanitary conditions in stalls ( 58 ). Awareness of the owners to reduce the free-range rearing of poultry can limit the spread of AIV among backyard poultry.…”

A Global Perspective on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus

“…In recent surveys in Vietnam, prevalence of the virus exceeded 3.5% in chickens in LBMs [61,62]; in various Chinese provinces prevalence was found to be upwards of 10% [63][64][65][66]. Several separate studies have shown that the prevalence in Bangladesh and Pakistan of H9 viruses in chickens at LBMs and farms was almost 10% [30,[67][68][69]. Another recent study has shown prevalence of upwards of 10% at LBMs in Egypt [70].…”

A Global Perspective on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus

“…In recent surveys in Vietnam, prevalence of the virus exceeded 3.5% in chickens in LBMs [71,72] and in various Chinese provinces, prevalence was found to be upwards of 10% [73,74,75,76]. Several separate studies have shown that the prevalence in Bangladesh and Pakistan of H9 viruses in chickens at LBMs and farms was almost 10% [35,77,78,79]. Another recent study has shown prevalence of upwards of 10% at LBMs in Egypt.…”