Risk Factors for Childhood Myopia: Findings From the NICER Study

O’Donoghue, Lisa; Kapetanankis, Venediktos V.; McClelland, Julie; Logan, Nicola S; Owen, Christopher G.; Saunders, Kathryn; Rudnicka, Alicja R.

doi:10.1167/iovs.14-15549

Cited by 83 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…O'Donoghue et al. () presented results from The Northern Ireland Childhood Error of Refraction (NICER) study. Northern Irish children ( n = 661) aged 12–13 were recruited from a stratified random sample of schools, representative of the population of UK.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity in relation to development and progression of myopia – a systematic review

Thykjær

Lundberg

Grauslund

2016

Acta Ophthalmologica

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On a global scale, myopia is one of the most common causes of visual impairment. Given the increasing prevalence of myopia, it is vital to understand the pathogenesis and to identify potential interventions. Some studies have described physical activity as a potential correlation for myopia. The objective of this study was to make a systematic review regarding the correlation between physical activity and myopia. A total of 263 papers were identified in a systematic database search of PubMed/Medline and Embase. Five steps of screening removed studies of a low evidence quality and animal studies. Studies included had refractive error and physical activity (as measured by questionnaires, accelerometers and cycle ergometers) as separate, well-defined outcomes. Nine studies (six cross-sectional, two cohorts and one case-control study) with a total of 17 634 subjects were included. Six studies demonstrated a reverse association between physical activity and myopia. Three studies supported this, but also attributed the results to time spent outdoors and not physical activity per se. One cross-sectional study found no relation. We could not identify trends among the papers regarding the type of studies, population sizes, ethnicity or age of study subjects. A consistent relationship between more physical activity and less myopia was observed. No evidence of physical activity as an independent risk factor for myopia was seen. Evidence suggests that time outdoors remain the most important factor. Future studies should include objective measurements of physical activity to determine a potential independent effect. Distinction between physical activity and outdoor exposure remains important.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity in relation to development and progression of myopia – a systematic review

Thykjær

Lundberg

Grauslund

2016

Acta Ophthalmologica

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“…2010), and the NICER study in Northern Ireland reported a prevalence of 17.7% (≤−0.50 D) at approximately 13 years of age (O'Donoghue et al. 2015). The multi‐ethnic Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error (CLEERE) study conducted in the US found a prevalence of 11.6% (≤−0.75 D in both meridians) in 10‐year‐old (Zadnik et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Axial length growth and the risk of developing myopia in European children

Tideman

Polling

Vingerling

et al. 2017

Acta Ophthalmologica

212

194

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PurposeTo generate percentile curves of axial length (AL) for European children, which can be used to estimate the risk of myopia in adulthood.MethodsA total of 12 386 participants from the population‐based studies Generation R (Dutch children measured at both 6 and 9 years of age; N = 6934), the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) (British children 15 years of age; N = 2495) and the Rotterdam Study III (RS‐III) (Dutch adults 57 years of age; N = 2957) contributed to this study. Axial length (AL) and corneal curvature data were available for all participants; objective cycloplegic refractive error was available only for the Dutch participants. We calculated a percentile score for each Dutch child at 6 and 9 years of age.ResultsMean (SD) AL was 22.36 (0.75) mm at 6 years, 23.10 (0.84) mm at 9 years, 23.41 (0.86) mm at 15 years and 23.67 (1.26) at adulthood. Axial length (AL) differences after the age of 15 occurred only in the upper 50%, with the highest difference within the 95th percentile and above. A total of 354 children showed accelerated axial growth and increased by more than 10 percentiles from age 6 to 9 years; 162 of these children (45.8%) were myopic at 9 years of age, compared to 4.8% (85/1781) for the children whose AL did not increase by more than 10 percentiles.ConclusionThis study provides normative values for AL that can be used to monitor eye growth in European children. These results can help clinicians detect excessive eye growth at an early age, thereby facilitating decision‐making with respect to interventions for preventing and/or controlling myopia.

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“…5,13,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47] Moreover, cognitive ability may be associated with myopia primarily through its impact on educational behavior.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myopia and Cognitive Performance: Results From the Gutenberg Health Study

Mirshahi¹,

Ponto

Laubert‐Reh

et al. 2016

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE.To analyze the association between myopia and cognitive performance. METHODS.A cohort of the population-based Gutenberg Health Study included 3819 eligible enrollees between 40 and 79 years. We used the Tower of London (TOL) test to assess cognitive performance. Myopia was defined as a spherical equivalent (SE) À0.5 diopters (D) via noncycloplegic autorefractometry. We conducted linear mixed models with the SE as the dependent variable and the age, sex, duration of education, and TOL score as covariates.RESULTS. Complete data were available for 3452 participants (90.4%). The mean TOL score was 14.0 6 3.9 in the myopes versus 12.9 6 4.0 in the nonmyopes (P < 0.001). The mean TOL score increased with the magnitude of myopia: it was 13.9 6 3.9 in low (less than À3 D); 14.2 6 3.7 in moderate (between À3 and À6 D); and 14.6 6 3.5 in high myopia (À6 D and greater; P < 0.001). Both the duration of education and cognitive performance were correlated with the magnitude of myopia (r ¼ À0.21, P < 0.001 and r ¼ À0.15, P < 0.001, respectively). In a linear mixed model, the duration of education significantly predicted myopia (b ¼ À0.14; t ¼ À7.55; P < 0.001), whereas cognitive performance did not (b ¼ À0.017; t ¼ À1.26; P ¼ 0.207). There was a significant effect of age on the SE (b ¼ 0.049; t ¼ 9.89; P < 0.001).CONCLUSIONS. When regarded separately, cognitive performance is linked to myopia. However, duration of education, which may be directly related to the risk factors for myopia, is more directly and strongly related to myopia than is cognitive performance. Cognitive ability may be associated with myopia primarily through its impact on level of education.

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Risk Factors for Childhood Myopia: Findings From the NICER Study

Abstract: In NI children, parental history of myopia and type of schooling are important determinants of myopia. The association between myopia and an environmental factor, such as physical activity levels, may provide insight into preventive strategies.

Cited by 83 publications

References 46 publications

Physical activity in relation to development and progression of myopia – a systematic review

Physical activity in relation to development and progression of myopia – a systematic review

Axial length growth and the risk of developing myopia in European children

Myopia and Cognitive Performance: Results From the Gutenberg Health Study

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