Risk factors for clinically diagnosed patients of Alzheimer??s disease: A case-control study of an Italian population

Head Injury and the Risk of Alzheimer's Disease: A Case Control Study

“…We were not able to con®rm the inverse trend reported by Graves et al (1990) and Van Duijn et al (1992) of higher values of odds ratios for shorter duration between the head injury and onset of dementia. French (1985) 4.5 1.4±15.7 Amaducci (1986) 3.5 0.67±34.5 Shalat (1987) 2.4 0.5±11.1 Graves (1990) 5.5 1.35±22.5 Broe (1990) 1.6 0.63±8.67 EURODEM (1991) 1.82 1.26±2.67 Van Duijn (1992) 1.6 0.8±3.4…”

“…Increased frequency of head injury in Alzheimer's disease patients compared to non-demented elderly controls has been reported in a number of case control studies (French et al, 1985;Amaducci et al, 1986;Shalat and Seltzer, 1987;Graves et al, 1990;Broe et al, 1990;Van Duijn et al, 1992). Pooled data in the EURODEM review 1991 estimated the relative risk of head injury at 1.8 (95% CI 1.3±2.7).…”

A Case-Control Study of Smoking and Alzheimer's Disease

“…Incorrectly classi®ed cases were, possibly wrongly, included with the control group resulting in dierential misclassi®cation, with the possibility 298 E. SALIB AND V. HILLIER Heyman et al (1984) 0.57 0.24±1.36 French et al (1985) 0.50 0.15±1.66 Amaducci et al (1986) 0.60 0.26±1.37 Shalat et al (1987) 1.53 0.74±3.17 Van Duijn and Homan (1991) 0.78 0.52±1.16 0.35 0.16±0.78 Li et al (1992) 0.92 0. 45±1.87 EURODEM (1991) 0.78 0.62±0.98 Brenner et al (1993) 0.61 0.37±0.99 of over-reporting in controls and under-reporting in cases.…”

“…Opposing ®ndings of a negative association between smoking and Alzheimer's disease have also been reported by Van Duijn and Homan (1991), OR 0.78 and 0.35 for those with familial predisposition to Alzheimer's disease, EURODEM reanalysis of case-control studies (Graves et al, 1991) estimated the odds ratio as 0.78 (95% CI 0.62±0.98) and more recently an odds ratio of 0.61 (95% CI 0.37± 0.99) was reported by Brenner et al (1993). Other case-control studies did not ®nd any signi®cant association (Heyman et al, 1984;Amaducci et al, 1986;French et al, 1985;Broe et al, 1990;Li et al, 1992). The inverse relationship has led to debate as to whether smoking exerts a neuroprotective eect or whether the relationship can be explained by bias related to reduced survival in smokers.…”

Absence of familial association between dementia of Alzheimer type and down syndrome

“…Heston's result were confirmed in a case control study by Heyman et al [1984], who found an increased frequency of mental retardation, mainly related with DS, among relatives of clinically diagnosed patients as compared to controls. An excess of DS in DAT relatives has not been confirmed by others Chandra et al, 1987;Heymann et al, 1983;Breitner and Folstein, 1984;Amaducci et al, 1986;Huff et al, 19881. As DS is not frequent (about 1.4 cases per 1,000 live births in the general population), large family sample sizes are necessary to evidence small differences in its frequency.…”