Risk factors for colorectal cancer in a prospective study among U.S. white men

Hsing, Ann W.; McLaughlin, Joseph K.; Chow, Wong Ho; Schuman, Leonard M.; Chien, Harvey T. Co; Gridley, Gloria; Bjelke, Erik; Wacholder, Sholom; Blot, William J.

doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980812)77:4<549::aid-ijc13>3.0.co;2-1

Cited by 169 publications

(89 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Recent prospective studies have suggested a positive association between long-term and heavy smoking and colon cancer (Giovannucci et al, 1994;Hsing et al, 1998;Terry et al, 2001). In our present study, no significant association was observed in relation to the quantity of cigarettes smoked except for rectal cancer risk in men.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

Height, weight, and alcohol consumption in relation to the risk of colorectal cancer in Japan: a prospective study

et al. 2003

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Colorectal cancer incidence in relation to body size, smoking, and alcohol consumption was studied in a cohort of 29 051 city residents of Japan. In 1992, each participant completed a self-administered questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics, drinking, cigarette smoking, diet, exercise, and reproductive and medical histories. The response rate was 92%. From 1993 to 2000, 161 men and 134 women were diagnosed with colorectal cancer at two major hospitals in the city. Relative risks and 95% confidence intervals were calculated by using Cox proportional hazard models. A positive relation between height and colorectal cancer was seen in both sexes, controlling for age, body mass index (BMI), smoking and drinking habits, and years of education. The findings were statistically significant only for men (relative risk 2.13 for the tallest compared with the shortest height tertile; 95% confidence interval ¼ 1.26 -3.58). Body mass index was also associated positively with colon cancer risk for men, whereas the pattern for women was not clear. There was a positive association between pack-years of cigarette smoking and the risk of rectal cancer in men. A positive dose -response relation between alcohol consumption and colon cancer risk was observed for men and women.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 77%

Height, weight, and alcohol consumption in relation to the risk of colorectal cancer in Japan: a prospective study

et al. 2003

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“…Case -control studies have heterogeneous results (P heterogeneity < 0.0000) and, on average, do not provide evidence of association between total intake of dairy products and colorectal cancer risk (OR: 1.07; 95% CI: 0.84 -1.34). One cohort study in male smokers in Finland (Pietinen et al, 1999) found a significant protective effect, while three cohort studies (Bostick et al, 1994;Kato et al, 1997;Hsing et al, 1998) found no significant protective association. The average result from cohort studies supports the hypothesis of a protective effect (OR: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.52 -0.74).…”

Section: Total Dairy Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dairy products and colorectal cancer. A review of possible mechanisms and epidemiological evidence

2003

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Objectives: This review provides an overview of the principal hypotheses and epidemiological evidence of the possible links between colorectal cancer and intake of milk and=or dairy products. Methods: The first section outlines the main hypotheses about the possible effect of calcium, vitamin D, fats and other milk components. The possible role of acid lactic bateria in fermented products is also discussed. The second section is a summary of the published epidemiological evidence. The results on milk, cheese and yoghurt are summarized using a meta-analytical approach. The results of studies on calcium and vitamin D are briefly described. Results: Case -control studies are heterogeneous and, on average, do not provide evidence of association between total intake of total dairy products, milk, cheese or yoghurt and colorectal cancer risk. The average result from cohort studies support the hypothesis of a protective effect of total dairy products (odds ratio (OR): 0.62; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.52 -0.74; P heterogeneity test: 0.93) and for milk (OR: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.68 -0.95; P heterogeneity: 0.77). No association was found between cheese (OR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.88 -1.36; P heterogeneity: 0.55) or yoghurt (OR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.83 -1.28; P heterogeneity: 0.69) in cohort studies. Conclusions: Cohort studies consistently found a protective effect of total dairy products and milk intake, but the evidence is not supported by case -control studies. No relationship was found with cheese or yoghurt intake. As the number of cohort studies is still limited, their results need to be confirmed by other prospective studies.

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“…Recording of the antecedent diet is far less dependent on memory and cannot be distorted in response to the diagnosis. There are 14 cohort studies (Hirayama, 1990;Phillips & Snowdon, 1985;Heilbrun et al, 1989;Willett et al, 1990;Thun et al, 1992;Bostick et al, 1994;Giovannucci et al, 1994;Goldbohm et al, 1994;Knekt et al, 1994;Gaard et al, 1996;Kato et al, 1997;Hsing et al, 1998;Singh & Fraser, 1998;Jensen et al, 1999) in Table 2 based on a total of 1 492 308 subjects. This is a larger set than seven cohort studies for meat and colorectal cancer in the WCRF review and nine cohort studies reporting fresh meat or processed meat in the British COMA review.…”

Section: The Cohort Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Meat consumption and cancer of the large bowel

2002

Eur J Clin Nutr

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studies relating (red) meat consumption and colorectal cancer have been published or found by search. These are collected here.Thirty adequate case -control studies have been published up to 1999 (from 16 different countries). Twenty of them found no significant association of (red) meat with colorectal cancer. Of the remaining 10 studies reporting an association, some obtained statistical significance only in rectal or colon cancers, another only in men, not women, or found a stronger association with pasta and rice, or used an inadequate food list in the food frequency questionnaire.Fifteen cohort studies have now been published. { Only in three were significant associations of (red) meat found with colorectal cancer. Two of these positive studies were from the same group in the USA (relative risk 1.7). The results of the third positive study appear to conflict with data from part of the vegetarians follow up mortality study.Here, five groups of vegetarians (in three different countries) with socially matched controls were followed up (total 76 000 people). Mortality from colorectal cancer was not distinguishable between vegetarians and controls.While it is still possible that certain processed meats or sausages (with a variety of added ingredients) or meats cooked at very high temperature carry some risk, the relationship between meats in general and colorectal cancer now looks weaker than the 'probable' status it was judged to have by the WCRF in 1997.

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Risk factors for colorectal cancer in a prospective study among U.S. white men

Cited by 169 publications

References 28 publications

Height, weight, and alcohol consumption in relation to the risk of colorectal cancer in Japan: a prospective study

Height, weight, and alcohol consumption in relation to the risk of colorectal cancer in Japan: a prospective study

Dairy products and colorectal cancer. A review of possible mechanisms and epidemiological evidence

Meat consumption and cancer of the large bowel

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