Risk Factors for COVID-19: A Systematic Mapping Study

Rosero, Paula A; Realpe, Juan S; Farinango, Charic D; Restrepo, David S; Salazar-Cabrera, Ricardo; López, Diego M.

doi:10.3233/shti220964

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 46 publications

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“…The course of disease ranges from asymptomatic/mild to a life-threatening condition (2). In the general population, risk factors for severe COVID-19 disease include older age (>65 years), obesity, male sex, active cancer, arterial hypertension, cardiovascular and respiratory tract diseases (3)(4)(5)(6).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A beacon in the dark: COVID-19 course in CVID patients from two European countries: Different approaches, similar outcomes

et al. 2023

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BackgroundCVID patients present an increased risk of prolonged SARS-CoV-2 infection and re-infection and a higher COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality compared to the general population. Since 2021, different therapeutic and prophylactic strategies have been employed in vulnerable groups (vaccination, SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies and antivirals). The impact of treatments over the last 2 years has not been explored in international studies considering the emergence of viral variants and different management between countries.MethodsA multicenter retrospective/prospective real-life study comparing the prevalence and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infection between a CVID cohort from four Italian Centers (IT-C) and one cohort from the Netherlands (NL-C), recruiting 773 patients.Results329 of 773 CVID patients were found positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection between March 1st, 2020 and September 1st 2022. The proportion of CVID patients infected was comparable in both national sub-cohorts. During all waves, chronic lung disease, “complicated” phenotype, chronic immunosuppressive treatment and cardiovascular comorbidities impacted on hospitalization, whereas risk factors for mortality were older age, chronic lung disease, and bacterial superinfections. IT-C patients were significantly more often treated, both with antivirals and mAbs, than NL-C patients. Outpatient treatment, available only in Italy, started from the Delta wave. Despite this, no significant difference was found for COVID-19 severity between the two cohorts. However, pooling together specific SARS-CoV-2 outpatient treatments (mAbs and antivirals), we found a significant effect on the risk of hospitalization starting from Delta wave. Vaccination with ≥ 3 doses shortened RT-PCR positivity, with an additional effect only in patients receiving antivirals.ConclusionsThe two sub-cohorts had similar COVID-19 outcomes despite different treatment approaches. This points out that specific treatment should now be reserved for selected subgroups of CVID patients, based on pre-existing conditions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A beacon in the dark: COVID-19 course in CVID patients from two European countries: Different approaches, similar outcomes

et al. 2023

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Diet-induced obesity and diabetes enhance mortality and reduce vaccine efficacy for SARS-CoV-2

Johnson,

Ardanuy,

Hammond

et al. 2023

J Virol

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. As of September 2023, there have been over 770 million confirmed cases of COVID-19, including over 6.9 million deaths. Epidemiologic studies have indicated that comorbidities of obesity and diabetes mellitus are associated with increased morbidity and mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection. We determined how the comorbidities of obesity and diabetes affect morbidity and mortality following SARS-CoV-2 infection in unvaccinated and adjuvanted spike nanoparticle (NVX-CoV2373) vaccinated mice. We find that obese/diabetic mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 have increased morbidity and mortality compared to age-matched normal mice. Mice that were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) and then vaccinated with NVX-CoV2373 produce equivalent neutralizing antibody titers compared to those fed a normal diet (ND). However, the HFD mice have reduced viral clearance early in infection. Analysis of the inflammatory immune response in HFD mice demonstrates a recruitment of neutrophils that was correlated with increased mortality and reduced clearance of the virus. Depletion of neutrophils in diabetic/obese vaccinated mice reduced disease severity and protected mice from lethality. This model recapitulates the increased disease severity associated with obesity and diabetes in humans with COVID-19 and is an important comorbidity to study with increasing obesity and diabetes across the world. IMPORTANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a wide spectrum of diseases in the human population, from asymptomatic infections to death. It is important to study the host differences that may alter the pathogenesis of this virus. One clinical finding in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is that people with obesity or diabetes are at increased risk of severe illness from SARS-CoV-2 infection. We used a high-fat diet model in mice to study the effects of obesity and type 2 diabetes on SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as how these comorbidities alter the response to vaccination. We find that diabetic/obese mice have increased disease after SARS-CoV-2 infection and they have slower clearance of the virus. We find that the lungs of these mice have increased neutrophils and that removing these neutrophils protects diabetic/obese mice from disease. This demonstrates why these diseases have increased risk of severe disease and suggests specific interventions upon infection.

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Enoxaparin Posology According to Prothrombotic Status and Bleeding Risk in Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia

Mora-Delgado

Lojo-Cruz

Rubio-Marín

et al. 2023

JCM

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Some patients with COVID-19 have complex hypercoagulable abnormalities that are related to mortality. The optimal dosage of low molecular weight heparin in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia is still not clear. Our objective is to evaluate the effects of adapting the dosage of low molecular weight heparin to thrombotic and bleeding risk scales in this setting. We performed a cohort, retrospective, observational, and analytical study at the Hospital Universitario of Jerez de la Frontera, with patients admitted with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia from 1 October 2020 to 31 January 2021. They were classified according to whether they received prophylactic, intermediate, or therapeutic doses of enoxaparin. The primary endpoint was intrahospital mortality. Secondary endpoints were the need for invasive ventilation, thromboembolic events, bleeding, and the usefulness of thrombotic and bleeding scales. After binary logistic regression analysis, considering confounding variables, it was found that the use of enoxaparin at therapeutic doses was associated with lower mortality during admission compared to prophylactic and intermediate doses (RR 0.173; 95% CI, 0.038–0.8; p = 0.025). IMPROVE bleeding risk score correlated with a higher risk of minor bleeding (RR 1.263; 95% CI, 1.105–1.573; p = 0.037). In adult hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia presenting elevated D-dimer and severe proinflammatory state, therapeutic doses of enoxaparin can be considered, especially if bleeding risk is low according to the IMPROVE bleeding risk score.

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Risk Factors for COVID-19: A Systematic Mapping Study

Cited by 4 publications

References 46 publications

A beacon in the dark: COVID-19 course in CVID patients from two European countries: Different approaches, similar outcomes

A beacon in the dark: COVID-19 course in CVID patients from two European countries: Different approaches, similar outcomes

Diet-induced obesity and diabetes enhance mortality and reduce vaccine efficacy for SARS-CoV-2

Enoxaparin Posology According to Prothrombotic Status and Bleeding Risk in Hospitalized Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Pneumonia

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