Risk Factors for Developing Myopia among Schoolchildren in Yerevan and Gegharkunik Province, Armenia

Giloyan, Aida; Harutyunyan, Tsovinar; Petrosyan, Varduhi

doi:10.1080/09286586.2016.1257028

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Also, children in higher grades had longer time for continual and short-distance use of eyes, suggesting that the time of continuing reading may be one of the main factors affecting the higher myopia diopter in higher-grade children. Our results also agreed with others [26][27][28][29]; as the grade increases, students continue to work closer together for longer periods of time, and the prevalence increases. Huang et al [28] reported that continuing near work is one of the most critical influences for myopia progression.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Relationship between Myopia Progression and School Entrance Age: A 2.5-Year Longitudinal Study

Liu

Jiang

et al. 2021

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Objective. To investigate the association between myopia progression and school entrance age among Chinese schoolchildren and to suggest a more appropriate school age. Methods. 1,463 children aged six to nine years from Wenzhou, China, were examined and followed up for two and a half consecutive years. Their noncycloplegic refraction was measured twice each year by using an automatic refractometer; axial length (AL) and corneal radius of curvature (CRC) were tested annually by using the IOLMaster for 2.5 years. The questionnaires were completed by the children to collect detailed information regarding risk factors. Here, myopia is defined as a spherical equivalent less than −1.0D. Results. The changes in spherical equivalent (SE) of 7-year-old children in grade 1 and grade 2 were −0.45D and -0.56D, while changes in AL were 0.59 mm and 0.62 mm, respectively. The SE changes of 8-year-old children in grade 2 and grade 3 were −0.54D and −0.75D; meanwhile, the AL changes were 0.57 mm and 0.61 mm, respectively. Significant statistical differences were observed in ocular biological structure parameters, except for corneal radius of curvature (CRC) or anterior chamber depth (ACD), among children with the same age in different grades during this study. The prevalence of myopia was also significantly higher in higher grades for children with same age. Conclusions. Myopia is related to children’s school entrance age. Children who start school in an earlier age are more likely to suffer from myopia, and the progression of myopia can be considerably faster. Therefore, it is recommended to enter school after the age of 7.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Relationship between Myopia Progression and School Entrance Age: A 2.5-Year Longitudinal Study

Liu

Jiang

et al. 2021

Journal of Ophthalmology

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“…The data obtained by us are similar to the results of investigations performed in India [1], Poland [2], Armenia [3], Malaysia [4], Taiwan [5], Australia [6], Finland [9], Nepal [10], Singapore [11], and China [12]. However, they differ from the results gathered in Hong Kong [7] and Chile [8].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Role of Gender in the Prevalence of Myopia among Polish Schoolchildren

Czepita

Safranow

2019

Journal of Ophthalmology

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Purpose. The aim of the paper was to study the role of gender in the progression of myopia among Polish schoolchildren. Materials and Methods. 4875 children from elementary schools and high schools were examined (2470 boys, aged 6–16 years, mean age 11.0, SD = 2.6 and 2405 girls, aged 6–16 years, mean age 11.1, SD = 2.6). The examined students were Caucasian and resided in and around Szczecin, Poland. The examination included retinoscopy under cycloplegia. The refractive error readings were reported as spherical equivalent (SE). Myopia was defined as SE of at least −0.5 D. Data analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney U test and 2-sided Fisher’s exact test. p values of less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results. It was found that the SE among Polish boys is similar to the SE among Polish girls before the age of 9 years. However, in older children, lower SE values and higher prevalence of myopia were found among girls than boys, both at 9–13 years range (0.45 ± 1.05 vs 0.55 ± 1.23 D, p=0.047 and 8.30% vs 5.71%, p=0.015, respectively) and at 13–16 years range (0.32 ± 1.14 vs 0.54 ± 1.08 D, p=0.0093 and 10.37% vs 5.96%, p=0.0050), respectively. Conclusions. Gender is associated with the prevalence of myopia among Polish schoolchildren ranging from 9 to 16 years of age.

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“…24 A 2011 study of 112 socially vulnerable children in Yerevan reported an 18.8% prevalence of refractive errors. 25 Finally, in 2017, Giloyan et al 26 screened 1260 schoolchildren in Yerevan and Gegharkunik (a rural area) as part of their study to assess the prevalence of risk factors for developing myopia and found a prevalence of 18% for myopia, 3.4% for hyperopia and 3.2% for astigmatism. Similar to our research, they also reported that children living in Yerevan had more VI.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pattern and prevalence of eye disorders and diseases in school-aged children: findings from the Nationwide School Sight Sampling Survey in Armenia

Jrbashyan

Yeghiazaryan²,

Sikder

et al. 2022

BMJ Open Ophth

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ObjectiveThis study aims to identify the prevalence of eye disorders and their causes among secondary schoolchildren aged 6–15 years old in Armenia, based on analysis of the Nationwide School Sight Sampling Survey.Methods and AnalysisA two-stage proportionate stratified cluster sample was designed for the survey. 22 600 students were screened for visual acuity in schools; 5944 of them were selected for analysis as a nationally representative sample. Those with 20/40 or worse vision were referred to photoscreening and rapid ophthalmic assessment in schools and then were provided with vouchers for free comprehensive eye examination in eye clinics. Data were collected through data collection forms and analysed using SPSS V.23.ResultsWhile majority of the children (85%) had normal vision, 15% had a visual acuity ≤20/40. The prevalence of vision impairment (VI) in at least one eye was 9.7% and blindness in at least one eye was 0.05%. The prevalence of abnormal vision and VI was higher among girls and older children. VI was more prevalent in urban areas. The most common diagnoses were myopia (60%), astigmatism (33.7%), hyperopia (29.5%) and strabismus (3.8%).ConclusionMajority of the vision abnormalities and VI among schoolchildren are a result of refractive error and are treatable. Our results highlight the importance of regular eye examinations for schoolchildren to detect and prevent VI. Raising awareness among parents, school staff and children about eye health is vital.

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Risk Factors for Developing Myopia among Schoolchildren in Yerevan and Gegharkunik Province, Armenia

Abstract: The study found that a positive family history of myopia and environmental factors had independent associations with myopia. The number of near work hours did not play a major role in the development of myopia, but length of time of focused continuous reading did.

Cited by 20 publications

References 29 publications

Relationship between Myopia Progression and School Entrance Age: A 2.5-Year Longitudinal Study

Relationship between Myopia Progression and School Entrance Age: A 2.5-Year Longitudinal Study

Role of Gender in the Prevalence of Myopia among Polish Schoolchildren

Pattern and prevalence of eye disorders and diseases in school-aged children: findings from the Nationwide School Sight Sampling Survey in Armenia

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