Risk Factors for Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy, Peripheral Artery Disease, and Foot Deformity Among the Population With Diabetes in Beijing, China: A Multicenter, Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), peripheral artery disease (PAD), and foot deformity are the most common causes of diabetic foot, which can considerably worsen the patient’s quality of life. In this study, we aimed to investigate the prevalence and risk factors associated with DPN, PAD, and foot deformity among patients with diabetes living in Beijing, China. In total, 3,898 diabetes patients from 11 hospitals in Beijing were evaluated using questionnaires and physical examinations, and 3,758 patients were included in the analysis. We compared the demographic, clinical, biological characteristics, and comorbidities of patients with and without DPN, PAD, or foot deformity, and used binary logistic regression analysis to identify potential factors associated with these outcomes. Overall, 882 patients (23.5%) had DPN, 437 patients (11.6%) had PAD, and 1,117 patients (29.7%) had foot deformities, including callus. The risk factors for DPN included: age ≥40 years, a ≥10+year duration of diabetes, a body mass index of <18.5 kg/m2 or ≥24 kg/m2, a systolic blood pressure (SBP) of ≥140 mm Hg, a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level of ≥7%, chronic kidney disease, and cerebrovascular disease. The risk factors for PAD included: a 15+ year diabetes duration, a body mass index of <18.5 kg/m2, a SBP of ≥140 mm Hg, a HbA1c level of ≥7%, chronic kidney disease, coronary heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease. The risk factors for skeletal foot deformities included: women, age ≥40 years, a SBP ≥140 mm Hg, and hyperlipidemia. The risk factors for callus formation included: women, a SBP ≥140 mm Hg, and hyperlipidemia. In conclusion, the prevalence of foot deformities was higher than DPN and PAD in patients with diabetes. Managing the risk factors for DPN, PAD, and foot deformity is important for reducing the risk of diabetic foot.

Association of HbA1c Variability with Vibrating Perception Threshold in Middle-Aged and Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Retrospective Cohort Study

“…Pop-Busui et al 2 reported a 28% incidence of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the United States, while the corresponding San Luis Valley cohort study 25 documented a slightly lower incidence rate of 25.8% for peripheral neuropathy. A cross-sectional study conducted in Beijing, China 26 revealed that peripheral neuropathy was present in 23.5% of individuals diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy in the middle-aged and elderly population was found to be 35.6% in this study, which is significantly higher compared to previous research findings.…”

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for the management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy

“…Most studies have recognized that older age, longer DM duration, and worse glucose control are risk factors for DP. Meanwhile, obesity or overweight, worse renal function, unfavorable lipid profile (such as higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), hypertension, and smoking are also associated with a higher risk of DPN (28,30,32,33,35,38). Notably, two studies reported that insulin treatment is associated with a higher risk of DPN (28,30).…”

Immunological profile of diabetic foot ulcers: update review

“…In addition, bacteria typically create biofilms that thwart immune clearance and encourage the development of antimicrobial resistance; in one research, 78.2% of chronic wounds exhibited biofilm creation. To guide the development of innovative therapies and inform antimicrobial therapy, a deeper comprehension of the microbiology of DFIs is crucial [22,23].…”