Risk Factors for Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children

Farrell, Stephen W.; Doherty, Gary M.; Milliken, Irene; Shield, Michael D; McCallion, W. A.

doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000151104.14058.70

Cited by 29 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Several modes of transmission of H. pylori have been described in the literature; these included direct contact between subjects, which is considered the most common mode,[243–45] contaminated water sources and food[246–48] and, less commonly, iatrogenic transmission (during endoscopies and dental care)[2] and zoonotic transmission. [248]…”

Section: Modes Of Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Helicobacter pylori infection in developing countries: The burden for how long?

Salih

2009

Saudi J Gastroenterol

202

135

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Approximately 50% (over 3 billion) of the world populations are known to be infected with Helicobacter pylori, mainly in the developing countries. Among those, hundreds of millions of people develop peptic ulceration during their lifetime and still tens of millions might progress to gastric cancer. Possible modes of H. pylori transmission generally described are through direct contact between family members and also through contaminated water and food. Because the high prevalence of infection occurs mainly in developing countries and because the test-and-treat strategy puts a huge economic burden on many of these countries, it is time to take an immediate action toward this bacterial infection and adopt a strategy to prevent it. To address this issue, an updated prevalence of infection, modes of transmission, economics of infection and preventative measures to block the infection process have been discussed.

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Section: Modes Of Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[43–4549–58] In a study conducted on children of the Canadian First Nations community who were negative for H. pylori at entry, 16% acquired H. pylori over 1 year period from their positive mothers. [48] Malaty et al .…”

Section: Modes Of Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Helicobacter pylori infection in developing countries: The burden for how long?

Salih

2009

Saudi J Gastroenterol

202

135

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“…The term “vertical transmission” has been used to describe H. pylori transmission patterns [5],[6], but to avoid confusion with traditional uses of this term that are restricted to the transmission from mother to child in the perinatal period, we prefer to use the term “familial” to summarize transmission between parents and children as well as transmission between siblings. After more than 20 years of research, remarkably little is known about the details of the modes of transmission of H. pylori and its routes of spread.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Horizontal versus Familial Transmission of Helicobacter pylori

et al. 2008

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Transmission of Helicobacter pylori is thought to occur mainly during childhood, and predominantly within families. However, due to the difficulty of obtaining H. pylori isolates from large population samples and to the extensive genetic diversity between isolates, the transmission and spread of H. pylori remain poorly understood. We studied the genetic relationships of H. pylori isolated from 52 individuals of two large families living in a rural community in South Africa and from 43 individuals of 11 families living in urban settings in the United Kingdom, the United States, Korea, and Colombia. A 3,406 bp multilocus sequence haplotype was determined for a total of 142 H. pylori isolates. Isolates were assigned to biogeographic populations, and recent transmission was measured as the occurrence of non-unique isolates, i.e., isolates whose sequences were identical to those of other isolates. Members of urban families were almost always infected with isolates from the biogeographic population that is common in their location. Non-unique isolates were frequent in urban families, consistent with familial transmission between parents and children or between siblings. In contrast, the diversity of H. pylori in the South African families was much more extensive, and four distinct biogeographic populations circulated in this area. Non-unique isolates were less frequent in South African families, and there was no significant correlation between kinship and similarity of H. pylori sequences. However, individuals who lived in the same household did have an increased probability of carrying the same non-unique isolates of H. pylori, independent of kinship. We conclude that patterns of spread of H. pylori under conditions of high prevalence, such as the rural South African families, differ from those in developed countries. Horizontal transmission occurs frequently between persons who do not belong to a core family, blurring the pattern of familial transmission that is typical of developed countries. Predominantly familial transmission in urban societies is likely a result of modern living conditions with good sanitation and where physical contact between persons outside the core family is limited and regulated by societal rules. The patterns observed in rural South African families may be representative of large parts of the developing world.

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“…Generally, bacteria exhibit clonal propagation during infection; however, H. pylori increases its adaptation potential by being highly recombinant [5]. The transmission from parents to offspring [6–8], horizontal gene transfer occurs through contaminated food, water, and non-parental caregivers [9], facilitates the acquisition or recombination of new genetic information by this specie.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inference from the analysis of genetic structure of Helicobacter pylori strains isolates from two paediatric patients with recurrent infection

et al. 2019

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Background Helicobacter pylori recurrence after successful eradication is an important problem. Children are particularly vulnerable to reinfection, by intrafamilial transmission which facilitates the acquisition or recombination of new genetic information by this bacterium. We investigated the evolutionary dynamics of 80 H. pylori strains isolated from two paediatric patients with recurrent infection (recrudescence and reinfection). Results We characterized the virulence genes vacA ( s1 , m1 , s2 , and m2 ), cagA , cagE , and babA2 and performed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) on 7 housekeeping genes ( atpA , efp , ureI , ppa , mutY , trpC , and yphC ) to infer the evolutionary dynamics of the H. pylori strains through phylogenetic and genealogic inference analyses, genetic diversity analysis and the exploration of recombination events during recurrent infections. The virulence genotype vacAs1m1/cagA+/cagE+/babA2 was present at a high frequency, as were the EPIYA motifs EPIYA-A, −B and -C. Furthermore, the housekeeping genes of the H. pylori strains exhibited high genetic variation, comprising 26 new alleles and 17 new Sequence Type (ST). In addition, the hpEurope (76.5%) and hspWAfrica (23.5%) populations predominated among the paediatric strains. All strains, regardless of their ancestral affiliation, harboured western EPIYA motifs. Conclusions This study provides evidence of the evolutionary dynamics of the H. pylori strains in two paediatric patients during recrudescence and reinfection events. In particular, our study shows that the strains changed during these events, as evidenced by the presence of different STs that emerged before and after treatment; these changes may be due to the accumulation of mutations and recombination events during the diversification process and recolonization of the patients by different genotypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1554-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Risk Factors for Helicobacter pylori Infection in Children

Abstract: Sharing a bed or bedroom with an infected sibling in early childhood increases significantly the risk of childhood H. pylori infection. This provides evidence to support horizontal transmission of H. pylori among siblings.

Cited by 29 publications

References 19 publications

Helicobacter pylori infection in developing countries: The burden for how long?

Helicobacter pylori infection in developing countries: The burden for how long?

Horizontal versus Familial Transmission of Helicobacter pylori

Inference from the analysis of genetic structure of Helicobacter pylori strains isolates from two paediatric patients with recurrent infection

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