Risk factors for herdsman-reported foot-and-mouth disease in the Adamawa Province of Cameroon

Bronsvoort, Barend M. deC.; Nfon, Charles; Hamman, Saidou M.; Tanya, Vincent N.; Kitching, R.; Morgan, K. L.

doi:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2004.09.010

Cited by 58 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…A combination of findings from the spatial and temporal studies and DVO-based analysis of risk factors and characteristics of FMD outbreaks in Uganda indicates that the risk is highest during the dry season when livestock movements are more pronounced in search of pasture and water. Similar findings were obtained in other studies in other African countries including Tanzania (Kivaria 2003), Ethiopia (Rufael et al 2008;Megersa et al 2008), Cameroon (Bronsvoort et al 2003;Bronsvoort et al 2004a) and most of sub-Saharan Africa (Vosloo et al 2002a). Moreover, previous reports indicate that the spread of FMD in Uganda is associated with, among others, cattle movements, cattle markets, cattle rustling, communal farming and concealment of epidemics by some farmers (Nkuranga 2002).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Patterns, risk factors and characteristics of reported and perceived foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Uganda

Ayebazibwe

Tjørnehøj

Mwiine

et al. 2010

Trop Anim Health Prod

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Patterns of outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Uganda were elucidated from spatial and temporal retrospective data retrieved from monthly reports from District Veterinary Officers (DVOs) to the central administration for the years spanning 2001-2008. An assessment of perceived FMD occurrence, risk factors and the associated characteristics was made based on semi-structured questionnaires administered to the DVOs. During this period, a total of 311 FMD outbreaks were reported in 56 (70%) out of Uganda's 80 districts. The number of reported FMD outbreaks changed over time and by geographical regions. Occurrence of FMD was significantly associated with the dry season months (p = 0.0346), the time when animals movements are more frequent. The average number of FMD outbreaks was higher for some sub-counties adjacent to national parks than for other sub-counties, whilst proximity to international border only seemed to play a role at the southern border. DVOs believed that the major risk factor for FMD outbreaks was animal movements (odds ratio OR 50.8, confidence interval CI 17.8-144.6) and that most outbreaks were caused by introduction of sick animals.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Patterns, risk factors and characteristics of reported and perceived foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Uganda

Ayebazibwe

Tjørnehøj

Mwiine

et al. 2010

Trop Anim Health Prod

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“…Herds from different areas congregate around these resources as the dry season progresses and theoretically, contact between herds would enable transmission of FMD virus. Research on transhumant Fulani cattle in Cameroon showed that important risk factors in FMD transmission included transhumance and mixing of herds at watering points (Bronsvoort et al 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foot and mouth disease in the Borana pastoral system, southern Ethiopia and implications for livelihoods and international trade

Rufael

Catley²,

Bogale

et al. 2007

Trop Anim Health Prod

121

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Participatory epidemiology (PE) was used on the Borana plateau of southern Ethiopia to understand pastoralist's perceptions of the clinical and epidemiological features of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in cattle. Matrix scoring showed good agreement between informant groups on the clinical signs of acute and chronic FMD, and findings were cross-checked by clinical examination of cattle and assessment of previous clinical FMD at herd level by detection of antibody to non structural proteins of FMD virus. The positive predictive value of pastoralist's diagnosis of FMD at herd level was 93.1%. The annual age-specific incidence and mortality of acute FMD in 50 herds was estimated using proportional piling. The estimated mean incidence of acute FMD varied from in 18.5% in cattle less than two years of age to 14.0% in cattle three to four years of age. The estimated mean mortality due to acute FMD varied from 2.8% in cattle less than two years of age to 0.3% in cattle three of age or older. Pearson correlation coefficients for acute FMD by age group were -0.12 (p>0.05) for incidence and -0.59 (p<0.001) for mortality. Estimates of the annual incidence of chronic FMD varied from 0.2% in cattle less than two years of age to 1.8% in cattle three to four years of age. The Pearson correlation coefficient for the incidence of chronic FMD by age group was 0.47 (p<0.001). Outbreaks of FMD peaked in Borana cattle during the two dry seasons and were attributed to increased cattle movement to dry season grazing areas. The mean seroprevalence of FMD was estimated at 21% (n=920) and 55.2% of herds (n=116) tested seropositive. Serotyping of 120 seropositive samples indicated serotypes O (99.2%), A (95.8%), SAT 2 (80%) and C (67.5%). The endemic nature of FMD in Borana pastoral herds is discussed in terms of the direct household-level impact of the disease, and the increasing export of cattle and chilled beef from Ethiopia.

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“…In addition, Africa will need to also manage FMD in its wildlife or at least in the buffalo populations across the region in order to prevent continuous reintroduction. Contact between freeranging buffalo in southern Africa is well-recognized (12), and there is some statistical evidence for increased risk to cattle herds in central Africa (8). In southern Africa the problem has been managed through the use of game fencing to keep livestock and wildlife separate (40).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serological Survey for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Wildlife in Eastern Africa and Estimation of Test Parameters of a Nonstructural Protein Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Buffalo

Bronsvoort

Parida

Handel

et al. 2008

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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In this study we estimate the seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in wildlife from eastern and central Africa. Sera were sourced from between 1994 and 2002 from a rinderpest surveillance program. Our study compared a nonstructural protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Cedi test) with a virus neutralization test. The study shows that there is only a low seroprevalence of FMDV in sampled nonbuffalo species. The seroprevalence in the Cape buffalo was high for SAT2, lower for SAT1, and lowest for SAT3. As the SAT2 serotype was most prevalent, the Cedi test largely reflected the occurrence of SAT2-positive animals. The results also suggest that SAT2 became dominant around 1998, with a large increase in seroprevalence. The sensitivity and specificity of the Cedi test were estimated by comparison to the combined virus neutralization test results from all three SAT tests. A Bayesian implementation of the Hui-Walter latent class model was used to estimate the test parameters. The model permits estimation in the absence of a gold standard test. The final model, using noninformative priors and assuming conditional independence of test performance, estimated Cedi test sensitivity at 87.7% and specificity at 87.3%. These estimates are similar to those for domestic bovines; they suggest that the Cedi test is a useful tool for screening buffalo for infection with the various serotypes of FMDV.

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Risk factors for herdsman-reported foot-and-mouth disease in the Adamawa Province of Cameroon

Cited by 58 publications

References 12 publications

Patterns, risk factors and characteristics of reported and perceived foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Uganda

Patterns, risk factors and characteristics of reported and perceived foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in Uganda

Foot and mouth disease in the Borana pastoral system, southern Ethiopia and implications for livelihoods and international trade

Serological Survey for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Wildlife in Eastern Africa and Estimation of Test Parameters of a Nonstructural Protein Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Buffalo

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