Risk Factors forLegionella longbeachaeLegionnaires’ Disease, New Zealand

Kenagy, Emma; Priest, Patricia; Cameron, Claire; Smith, Debbie; Scott, Pippa; Cho, Vicki; Mitchell, Peter R. K.; Murdoch, David R.

doi:10.3201/eid2307.161429

Cited by 39 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…LD with L. longbeachae infection was also linked to tipping, or troweling of commercial potting soils, and poor hygiene practices. [11] These results were similar to a case control study conducted in Australia. [12] Exposure to aerosolised commercial potting mix may also cause Pontiac fever.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Pine Species Provide a Niche for Legionella Longbeachae

Chambers¹,

Slow²,

Withers³

et al. 2020

JAEM

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Legionella longbeachae is the commonest cause of Legionnaires' disease (LD) nationwide in New Zealand (NZ). Most cases occur in spring and summer (October-January) and are associated with the use of commercial potting mix, which usually contains pine bark. L. longbeachae is an environmental organism but its niche has not yet been defined. Bark samples were taken at chest height from trees in three stands of Pinus radiata (Monterey pine) located in the central South Island of NZ. L. longbeachae DNA was detected by qPCR in 28/400 (7%) samples and from 22/50 (44%) different trees. There was a significant difference in the proportion of positive tests by season: summer 0/50 (0%); autumn 0/50 (0%); winter1/50 (2%); spring 22/50 (44%); (p<0.001). Bark samples from non-P. radiata pine species and adjacent mixed species were then tested. More samples from pine species 22/28 (79%) than non-pine species 6/37 (16%) tested positive for L. longbeachae (p<0.001). Pine species appear to be an important ecological niche for L. longbeachae. To our knowledge this is the second human pathogen to have an arboreal niche. The use of bark from P. radiata in commercial potting mix may contribute to the incidence of LD in New Zealand.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 84%

Pine Species Provide a Niche for Legionella Longbeachae

Chambers¹,

Slow²,

Withers³

et al. 2020

JAEM

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“…While Legionella pneumophila is a transmitted via water sources, L. longbeachae has been found in soil samples, particularly gardening soil, compost, and potting soils; warning labels are included on commercial potting soil in some endemic regions. Studies in Australia and New Zealand have identified eating or drinking after gardening without hand hygiene, hanging flower pots that drip water, and facial contact with compost and potting soils as risk factors, in addition to classically known legionellosis risk factors of chronic pulmonary disease, heavy smoking history, older age, and immunocompromised state [ [35] , [36] , [37] ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Legionella longbeachae pneumonia: Case report and review of reported cases in non-endemic countries

Bell

Chintalapati

Patel

et al. 2021

IDCases

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“…Infection in humans typically occur through inhalation of aerosols from a water or soil source [ 2 ]. Risk factors for developing this infection include impaired cell-mediated immunity, older age, smoking, and chronic lung, cardiovascular, or renal disease [ 3 ]. Our patient lacked any of these risk factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hypertriglyceridemia and massive rhabdomyolysis in a patient with disseminated legionella

Patel

Shelley

Hatoum

2021

Respiratory Medicine Case Reports

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Legionella most commonly presents as pneumonia but can have disseminated involvement, presenting as extra-pulmonary disease involving gastrointestinal, neurological, cardiac, renal, and musculoskeletal systems, and skin and soft tissues. We present a case of a patient with pneumonia, rhabdomyolysis, renal failure, hypertriglyceridemia, pancreatitis, and cutaneous involvement. This case highlights the breath of involvement legionella can have, including the never previously documented manifestation of hypertriglyceridemia and severe rhabdomyolysis with the highest creatinine kinase recorded.

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Risk Factors forLegionella longbeachaeLegionnaires’ Disease, New Zealand

Abstract: Gardeners with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or a history of smoking should take extra precautions to prevent infection.

Cited by 39 publications

References 17 publications

Pine Species Provide a Niche for <i>Legionella Longbeachae</i>

Pine Species Provide a Niche for <i>Legionella Longbeachae</i>

Legionella longbeachae pneumonia: Case report and review of reported cases in non-endemic countries

Hypertriglyceridemia and massive rhabdomyolysis in a patient with disseminated legionella

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