Risk Factors for<i>Toxoplasma gondii</i>Infection in the United States

Jones, Jeffrey L.; Dargelas, Valerie; Roberts, Jacquelin M.; Press, Cindy; Remington, Jack S.; Montoya, José G.

doi:10.1086/605433

Cited by 449 publications

(368 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…This finding is in consistent with findings from other African and Arab countries (Cook et al 2000;Jones et al 2009). Similar results were obtained from Sudan where authors concluded that, eating raw meat, undercooked meat, and living in the Southern region are predictors of seropositivity of T. gondii infections in pregnancy (Elnahas et al 2003).…”

Section: Consumption Of Raw or Undercooked Meatsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…This high seropositivity in animals observed in both Arab and African countries may be potential sources of infection for pregnant women by either consumption of raw or undercooked meat or unpasteurized milk from these animals. These results are consistent with studies from other countries showing meat as a source of infection in China, Norway, and the United States (Li and Wu 2002;Jones et al 2009;Cook et al 2000).…”

Section: Consumption Of Raw or Undercooked Meatsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Sero-epidemiology and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Arab and African countries

Alsammani

2014

J Parasit Dis

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The epidemiology of toxoplasmosis in pregnancy is a major issue for public health. Primary infection in pregnant women can lead to serious sequelae. This review examined current sero-epidemiology and risks factor data for Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women in Arab and African countries. A systematic electronic search of published literature was conducted. Data were extracted from relevant studies. Seropositivity is high in both regions. African countries have higher seropositivity than Arab countries due to differences in risk factors. Data on T. gondii infection in pregnancy are scant in many countries, especially where there is lack of political stability. Identified risk factors included eating raw meat, proximity with cats, undercooked food, and increasing maternal age. Toxoplasmosis in pregnancy in Arab and African countries is an underestimated health problem. Further research is needed. This report is a foundation for strategies and policies for intervention needed to combat the consequences of congenital toxoplasmosis.

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Section: Consumption Of Raw or Undercooked Meatsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Consumption Of Raw or Undercooked Meatsupporting

confidence: 92%

Sero-epidemiology and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Arab and African countries

Alsammani

2014

J Parasit Dis

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“…Considering the other epidemiologic characteristics of the infection for the two studied groups, it can be concluded that toxoplasmosis is not occupationally acquired disease for VLSS and other factors such as soil related jobs and eating habits are the most probable important causative risks of toxoplasmosis (Bobic et al 2007;Jones et al 2009). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in veterinary laboratory sciences students comparing to ordinary people: a case–control study

Sadaghian

Jafari

2014

J Parasit Dis

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Toxoplasma gondii causes the foremost widespread protozoan infection with a broad variety of host range, which consists of regarding of almost all warmblooded vertebrates. There are some opinions concerning the probable occupational influence on infections to Toxoplasma in veterinary services personnel. The present study aimed to examine influence of studying in veterinary laboratory sciences as a risk factor on the prevalence rate of Toxoplasma infection in the students. In this case-control study, 80 blood samples were taken from veterinary laboratory sciences students (VLSS) as a case group and 80 blood samples from ordinary people of general population as a control group with the relatively same age, gender and health condition. Anti-Toxoplasma IgG levels in the serum samples were determined using quantitative ELISA method. According to the results, 27 (33.75 %) out of 80 samples of the cases group and also 29 (36.2 %) out of 80 samples of the control group were infected by the parasite. No statistically significant difference observed in the infection rate between the case and control groups (P = 0.740, OR 0.931; 95 % CI 0.61, 1.421). The mean serum antibody concentration in infected subjects of case and control groups showed no statistically significant difference (P = 0.618, t = 0.502). Normality of the data was assumed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (P = 0.806, Z = 0.641). Based on the results, in veterinary laboratory science students, toxoplasmosis is not related to their career and also the subjects of this group as the other people have the same risk to infect by this protozoan parasite.

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“…Consumption of raw (unpasteurised) goat milk and milk products (e.g. cheese) has been linked to toxoplasmosis in humans and pigs (Skinner et al, 1990;Dubey 2009;Jones et al, 2009). Tachyzoites have been experimentally shown to survive in goat milk 3-7 days at +4°C (Walsh et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spatial epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in goats in Serbia

et al. 2014

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Abstract.A major risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection is consumption of undercooked meat. Increasing demand for goat meat is likely to promote the role of this animal for human toxoplasmosis. As there are virtually no data on toxoplasmosis in goats in Serbia, we undertook a cross-sectional serological study, including prediction modelling using geographical information systems (GIS). Sera from 431 goats reared in 143 households/farms throughout Serbia, sampled between January 2010 and September 2011, were examined for T. gondii antibodies by a modified agglutination test. Seroprevalence was 73.3% at the individual level and 84.6% at the farm level. Risk factor analysis showed above two-fold higher risk of infection for goats used for all purposes compared to dairy goats (P = 0.012), almost seven-fold higher risk for goats kept as sole species versus those kept with other animals (P = 0.001) and a two-fold lower risk for goats introduced from outside the farm compared to those raised on the farm (P = 0.027). Moreover, households/farms located in centre-eastern Serbia were found to be less often infected than those in northern Serbia (P = 0.004). The risk factor analysis was fully supported by spatial analysis based on a GIS database containing data on origin, serology, land cover, elevation, meteorology and a spatial prediction map based on kriging analysis, which showed western Serbia as the area most likely for finding goats positive for T. gondii and centre-eastern Serbia as the least likely. In addition, rainfall favoured seropositivity, whereas temperature, humidity and elevation did not.

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Risk Factors forToxoplasma gondiiInfection in the United States

Abstract: In the United States, exposure to certain raw or undercooked foods and exposure to kittens are risk factors for T. gondii infection. Knowledge of these risk factors will help to target prevention efforts.

Cited by 449 publications

References 38 publications

Sero-epidemiology and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Arab and African countries

Sero-epidemiology and risk factors for Toxoplasma gondii among pregnant women in Arab and African countries

Prevalence of Toxoplasma infection in veterinary laboratory sciences students comparing to ordinary people: a case–control study

Spatial epidemiology of Toxoplasma gondii infection in goats in Serbia

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