Risk Factors for Kala-Azar in Bangladesh

Bern, Caryn; Hightower, Allen W.; Chowdhury, Rajib Nayan; Ali, Mohammad; Amann, Josef; Wagatsuma, Yukiko; Haque, Rashidul; Kurkjian, Katie M.; Vaz, Louise Elaine; Begum, Moarrita; Akter, Tahmina; Cêtre-Sossah, Catherine; Ahluwalia, Indu B.; Dotson, Ellen M.; Secor, W. Evan; Breiman, Robert F.; Maguire, James H.

doi:10.3201/eid1105.040718

Cited by 182 publications

(264 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…4). Somewhat similar observations were found in the previous study by Bern et al (2005) who reported that more cases of VL occurred from July-September and fewer cases from January-March in Fulbaria Thana of Mymensingh district in Bangladesh.…”

Section: Monthly and Seasonal Seroprevalence Of Vlsupporting

confidence: 78%

Seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis and cattle as a possible reservoir host at Trishal Upazila in Bangladesh

Akter

Alam

Islam

et al. 2012

J Bangladesh Agric Univ

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To study the effect of months, seasons, age and sex on visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in human, data were collected during March 2010 through February 2011 from the register book of Upazila Health Complex (UHC) of Trishal, which is an endemic region for VL in the Mymensingh district. Besides, 70 blood samples were collected from suspected VL human patients to compare microscopy with rK39 immunochromatographic strip test. Additionally, 50 cattle blood samples were also collected from houses with active or recently-treated VL patients to determine the possible animal reservoir of VL through rK39 strip test. Of the suspected VL patients in the UHC registered book, 43.8% were seropositive. The percentages of seropositive cases were higher in September (73.3%), November (67.2%) and August (65.5%) than in May (18.5%), June (27.5%) and March (36.7%). The rainy season (58.4%) and the winter season (50.6%) showed higher seropositive than the summer (30.7%) season which was significant (p≤ 0.001). Hospital cases of VL were significantly (p≤0.05) higher in 3-14 years (49.3%) and 15-45 years (43.5%) than in children <3 years (32.1%) and adults aged >45 years (33.6%) people. The estimated sensitivity of rK39 strip test and microscopic examination were 100% and 58.8%, respectively and the specificity were 72% and 100%, respectively. Only two cattle blood samples were found positive to rK39 strip test. Our present study indicates that rK39 strip test is superior to the diagnosis of VL compared with parasitological confirmation by direct microscopy of the peripheral blood. Further works are needed to focus on molecular approaches for diagnosis and epidemiological study of VL, sand flies investigation and to confirm the cattle as animal reservoir for VL transmission.

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Section: Monthly and Seasonal Seroprevalence Of Vlsupporting

confidence: 78%

Seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis and cattle as a possible reservoir host at Trishal Upazila in Bangladesh

Akter

Alam

Islam

et al. 2012

J Bangladesh Agric Univ

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“…We observed this pattern from 2000 to 2010 in Mymensingh District. 6,36 A similar but less marked kala-azar incidence peak was seen in 2007 in facility-based data from Bihar, India, although apparently without the PKDL echo. 37 Napier and Krisnan 22 attributed the pattern to progressively increasing population-level immunity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 86%

Clinical and Immunological Aspects of Post–Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in Bangladesh

Islam¹,

Kenah²,

Bhuiyan³

et al. 2013

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. We conducted active surveillance for kala-azar and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) in a population of 24,814 individuals. Between 2002 and 2010, 1,002 kala-azar and 185 PKDL cases occurred. Median PKDL patient age was 12 years; 9% had no antecedent kala-azar. Cases per 10,000 person-years peaked at 90 for kala-azar (2005) and 28 for PKDL (2007). Cumulative PKDL incidence among kala-azar patients was 17% by 5 years. Kala-azar patients younger than 15 years were more likely than older patients to develop PKDL; no other risk factors were identified. The most common lesions were hypopigmented macules. Of 98 untreated PKDL patients, 48 (49%) patients had resolution, with median time of 19 months. Kala-azar patients showed elevated interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and interleukin 10 (IL-10). Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and MMP9/tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP1) ratio were significantly higher in PKDL patients than in other groups. PKDL is frequent in Bangladesh and poses a challenge to the current visceral leishmaniasis elimination initiative in the Indian subcontinent.

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“…In these locations, the disease follows an endemic behavior and may, eventually, even acquire epidemiologic status (Costa: unpublished data). Several studies have pointed, in detail, to a series of risk factors associated mainly to local socioeconomic conditions, which may determine the occurrence of L. (L.) chagasi in canine and human population, like precarious housing conditions that promote the development of the vector [31][32][33][34][35] , apart from the lack of elementary sanitation and the sporadic garbage collection, which furnish the ideal microenvironments for phlebotomine reproduction 5,36 . These risk factors were observed in all regions evaluated in the present study.…”

Section: Conflict Of Interest Financial Support Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in dogs and the relationship with environmental and sanitary aspects in the municipality of Palmas, state of Tocantins, Brazil

Bigeli

Junior

Teles³

2012

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to identify the presence of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in dogs in the City of Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil, using the PCR technique to list the hot spots of infected dogs in the city and associate their occurrence to significant environmental changes at capture sites. METHODS: DNA was extracted from blood of dogs, and the PCR were performed with primers RV1/RV2. After screening the population studied, the regions of the city that had the highest occurrence of canine infection were detected. These sites were visited, and ecological parameters denoting anthropogenic disturbance were evaluated. RESULTS: Some important features were listed in the regions visited, such as low urbanization, lack of public collection of sewage, limited garbage collection, vacant lots with tall vegetation, decaying organic matter, and, most importantly, the occurrence of stray dogs and poultry in homes. CONCLUSIONS: The methodology for screening the population was very efficient, especially in evaluating a large number of individuals in a short time, with a high degree of automation. The results indicate an association between the observed parameters and the occurrence of infection in dogs. The model presented in the city is ideal for studies of disease progression and expansion and for the evaluation of control measures adopted for canine VL.

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Risk Factors for Kala-Azar in Bangladesh

Cited by 182 publications

References 14 publications

Seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis and cattle as a possible reservoir host at Trishal Upazila in Bangladesh

Seroepidemiological study of visceral leishmaniasis and cattle as a possible reservoir host at Trishal Upazila in Bangladesh

Clinical and Immunological Aspects of Post–Kala-Azar Dermal Leishmaniasis in Bangladesh

Diagnosis of Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi infection in dogs and the relationship with environmental and sanitary aspects in the municipality of Palmas, state of Tocantins, Brazil

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