Risk factors for &lt;I&gt;Mycobacterium tuberculosis&lt;/I&gt; infection in 2–4 year olds in a rural HIV-prevalent setting

Khan, Palwasha; Glynn,; Fielding, K; Mzembe, Themba; Mulawa, Dominic; Chiumya, Regina; Pe, Fine; Koole, Olivier; Kranzer, Katharina; Crampin, Amelia C.

doi:10.5588/ijtld.15.0672

Cited by 9 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In contrast, a study done by Khan and her colleagues in Malawi, showed that 1% childhood infection to TB bacilli, occurred either from an unknown casual contact in the community or a known household case [13]. Childhood infection to TB bacilli points out a recent transmission and serves as a sentinel for infectious TB, mostly adults in the community [15] [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis (LTB) among Household Contacts of Newly Diagnosed Omani Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

Singh¹,

Balushi²,

Mahrazi³

et al. 2020

JTR

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Background: Oman is a high-income, low prevalent country for tuberculosis disease. Although the rates have remained static over the last decade, the country is aiming for Tuberculosis (TB) elimination. Household contacts of pulmonary TB (PTB) patients form a high-risk group of susceptible individuals who could remain reservoirs of active disease. Objective: A retrospective study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of latent TB infection by Tuberculin Skin Test (TST) or Interferon-Gamma Release Assay (IGRA) screening tests among the household contacts of Omani patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Design: A cross-sectional survey conducted between 2017 and 2018 of TB cases and their contacts in Muscat Governorate, Oman. Results: Out of the 278 contacts identified, 188 contacts fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were enrolled into the study. The prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis Infection (LTBI) was 22.8% (95% CI: 17.0-29.5) among household contacts. We found higher proportions of LTBI among females than males (28.7% vs. 15%, p = 0.027). Those who were exposed to Acid Fast Bacilli (AFB) smear positive cases were more likely to be LTBI (28.7% versus 15% in smear negative cases; p = 0.047). We also found an increasing trend of infection (32.3%) in the oldest age group (46-80 years). Conclusion: Besides children, female household contacts and older age contacts should be prioritized for screening as they are more likely to be infected and develop active disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis (LTB) among Household Contacts of Newly Diagnosed Omani Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

Singh¹,

Balushi²,

Mahrazi³

et al. 2020

JTR

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“…The closeness of relation of contact to the Index case has been implicated in transmission of infection in some studies. 10,11,22,30 First degree relationships (spouse/son/daughter of the Index case) provide closer contact between IC and HC, increasing the chances of transmission of infection. First degree relations also tend to live together within the same household in closed spaces, resulting in higher chances of infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intimacy of contact, sleeping arrangements and sputum status of the TB patient have been implicated as risk factors in the transmission of TB, or even Acute Respiratory Infection to Household Contacts, especially underfive year old children who are generally confined to the house. 10,11,12 Limited social contact of very young children reduces their likelihood of becoming infected, unless the caregiver is the source case. However, additional caregivers like grandparents or extended family members taking care of the children during the day are also important.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Measure of Transmission of Tuberculosis Infection among Children in Household Contact

Sharma

Bhatta

Niraula

et al. 2018

SAARC J. Tuber. Lung Dis. HIV/AIDS

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Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is transmitted through droplets from patients having pulmonary TB, Young children living in the same household are at higher risk Tuberculosis, with great potential to benefit from screening and preventive treatment. This study was conducted with the objectives to estimate the prevalence of TB infection among under five years old children in household contact with pulmonary tuberculosis patients, and assess the factors associated with transmission of TB. Methods: Pulmonary TB patients receiving treatment from the DOTS Centres in Sunsari District (Index Case-IC) were visited in their household to identify and assess contacts below five years of age. Transverse induration greater than10 mm was defined as a positive Mantoux test suggestive of tubercular infection. Results: Among 190 household contacts, Mantoux was positive in 13.7% (95%CI: 11.2-16.2). Higher sputum bacillary load (adjusted OR=3.03; 95% CI 1.01-9.1) and spitting habits of Index Cases (aOR=3.1; 95% CI 1.2-7.7), first-degree relationship (aOR=3.5; 95%CI 1.4-8.7) and longer duration of contact (aOR- 6.7; 95% CI 1.4-32.2), were factors significantly associated with positive Mantoux test in the under-five years old household contact. Conclusion: The prevalence of tuberculosis infection among under-five children in contact with pulmonary tuberculosis patients was 13.7%, which is nearly double than the results of first national tuberculin survey (7%), conducted by National Tuberculosis Centre. This highlights the need for a competent & functioning contact tracing mechanism to halt the chain of transmission of infection. Social and behavioral factors existing in the household were significantly associated with the transmission of Tuberculosis infection.

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“…Children aged <2 years were excluded to minimise misclassification of infection status with false-positive TST due to recent bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination. 30 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does antiretroviral treatment increase the infectiousness of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis?

Khan

Crampin

Mzembe

et al. 2017

int j tuberc lung dis

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BACKGROUND: Understanding of the effects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and antiretroviral treatment (ART) on Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission dynamics remains limited. We undertook a cross-sectional study among household contacts of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) cases to assess the effect of established ART on the infectiousness of TB. METHOD: Prevalence of tuberculin skin test (TST) positivity was compared between contacts of index cases aged 2–10 years who were HIV-negative, HIV-positive but not on ART, on ART for <1 year and on ART for ⩾1 year. Random-effects logistic regression was used to take into account clustering within households. RESULTS: Prevalence of M. tuberculosis infection in contacts of HIV-negative patients, HIV-positive patients on ART ⩾1 year and HIV-positive patients not on ART/on ART <1 year index cases was respectively 44%, 21% and 22%. Compared to contacts of HIV-positive index cases not on ARTor recently started on ART, the odds of TST positivity was similar in contacts of HIV-positive index cases on ART ⩾1 year (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.0, 95%CI 0.3–3.7). The odds were 2.9 times higher in child contacts of HIV-negative index cases (aOR 2.9, 95%CI 1.0–8.2). CONCLUSIONS: We found no evidence that established ART increased the infectiousness of smear-positive, HIV-positive index cases.

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Risk factors for <I>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</I> infection in 2–4 year olds in a rural HIV-prevalent setting

Cited by 9 publications

References 24 publications

Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis (LTB) among Household Contacts of Newly Diagnosed Omani Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

Prevalence of Latent Tuberculosis (LTB) among Household Contacts of Newly Diagnosed Omani Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients

A Measure of Transmission of Tuberculosis Infection among Children in Household Contact

Does antiretroviral treatment increase the infectiousness of smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis?

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